Turks and Caicos Islands

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................... X PROJECT BACKGROUND AND APPROACH ............................................................................................... XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................. XIV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... XVII 1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Climate Change Impacts on Tourism ............................................................................................ 3 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Geography and climate ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Socio-economic profile.................................................................................................................. 6 2.3. Importance of tourism to the national economy........................................................................ 11 3. CLIMATE MODELLING ................................................................................................................. 14 3.1. Introduction to Climate Modelling Results ................................................................................. 14 3.2. Temperature ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.3. Precipitation ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.4. Wind Speed ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.5. Relative Humidity ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.6. Sunshine Hours ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.7. Sea Surface Temperatures .......................................................................................................... 23 3.8. Temperature Extremes ............................................................................................................... 24 3.9. Rainfall Extremes ......................................................................................................................... 26 3.10. Hurricanes and Tropical Storms .................................................................................................. 28 3.11. Sea Level Rise .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.12. Storm Surge ................................................................................................................................. 31 4. VULNERABILITY AND IMPACTS PROFILE FOR THE TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS .............................. 32 4.1. Water Quality and Availability .................................................................................................... 32 4.1.1. Background .....................................................................................................................32 4.1.2. Vulnerability of Water Availability and Quality Sector to Climate Change ....................35 4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution ................................................................................................... 39 4.2.1. Background .....................................................................................................................39 4.2.2. Vulnerability of the Energy Sector to Climate Change ...................................................48 4.3. Agriculture and Food Security ..................................................................................................... 57 4.3.1. Background .....................................................................................................................57 4.3.2. The Importance of Agriculture to National Development ..............................................57 4.3.3. An Analysis of the Agricultural Sector in the Turks & Caicos Islands ..............................57 i
4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agriculture .............................................................................58 4.3.5. Climate Change Related Issues and Agricultural Vulnerability in the Turks & Caicos Islands ..........................................................................................................58 4.3.6. Vulnerability Enhancing Factors: Agriculture, Land Use and Soil Degradation in the Turks & Caicos Islands .......................................................................................58 4.3.7. Social Vulnerability of Agricultural Communities in the Turks & Caicos Islands ............58 4.3.8. Economic Vulnerability: Climate Change & Agricultural Outputs in the Turks & Caicos Islands ..........................................................................................................59 4.4. Human Health ............................................................................................................................. 60 4.4.1. Background .....................................................................................................................60 4.4.2. Direct Impacts .................................................................................................................61 4.4.3. Indirect Impacts ..............................................................................................................62 4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Fisheries ...................................................................... 67 4.5.1. Background .....................................................................................................................67 4.5.2. Vulnerability of Biodiversity and Fisheries to Climate Change .......................................75 4.6. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Impacts on Coastal Infrastructure and Settlements ................ 80 4.6.1. Background .....................................................................................................................80 4.6.2. Vulnerability of Infrastructure and Settlements to Climate Change ..............................81 4.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster Management .......................................................................... 88 4.7.1. History of Disaster Management Globally ......................................................................88 4.7.2. Natural Hazards in the Caribbean and the Turks and Caicos Islands..............................89 4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism sector to natural hazards ..................................................93 4.8. Community Livelihoods, Gender, Poverty and Development ..................................................... 94 4.8.1. Background .....................................................................................................................94 4.8.2. Vulnerability of Livelihoods, Gender, Poverty and Development to Climate Change .....................................................................................................................95 4.8.3. Case Study: The Lower Bight Community, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands ......................................................................................................................98 5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR THE TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS........................................... 105 5.1. Water Quality and Availability .................................................................................................. 106 5.1.1. Policy .............................................................................................................................106 5.1.2. Management .................................................................................................................108 5.1.3. Technology ....................................................................................................................109 5.2. Energy Supply and Distribution ................................................................................................. 110 5.2.1. Policy .............................................................................................................................110 5.2.2. Management .................................................................................................................112 5.2.3. Technology ....................................................................................................................115 5.2.4. Summary .......................................................................................................................118 5.3. Agriculture and Food Security ................................................................................................... 120 ii
Page 1: Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
Page 5 and 6: 6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 7 and 8: Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
Page 9 and 10: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
Page 13 and 14: The field work components of the re
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Page 17 and 18: UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
Page 19 and 20: Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
Page 21 and 22: The field study sites include notab
Page 23 and 24: coastal infrastructure and settleme
Page 25 and 26: Perceptions of vulnerability in the
Page 27 and 28: Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
Page 29 and 30: Reviewing and considering the feasi
Page 31 and 32: 4. Local watershed management: supp
Page 33 and 34: Given the importance of tourism to
Page 35 and 36: Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Page 37 and 38: terrestrial habitats for the purpos
Page 39 and 40: 1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
Page 41 and 42: damages from intense climatic condi
Page 43 and 44: 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
Page 49 and 50: oom for expansion of the fin fisher
Page 51 and 52: The CPA points out that the all-inc
Page 53 and 54:
Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
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GCM projections of future rainfall
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
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Relative humidity data has not been
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Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
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Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
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Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
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frequency in the last 1,500 years b
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thermal expansion, with only a cons
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particularly affected by higher wat
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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3). Factors which increase the vuln
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4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
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Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
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Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
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- Reduce electricity costs and pric
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Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
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Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
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taxes can also be a highly transpar
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number of potential impacts of clim
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4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
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Caicos Islands stems from the fact
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Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
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2000). Thus, despite the fact that
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Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
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4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
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Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
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Status of wetlands Over half of the
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and enforcing adequate coastal setb
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Turtle fishery At least two species
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Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
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Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
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Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
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Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
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to identify individual properties,
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Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
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agree that switching off air condit
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Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
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weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
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5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
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Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
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5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
Page 223 and 224:
7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
Page 227 and 228:
CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
Page 229 and 230:
Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
Page 231 and 232:
http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
Page 233 and 234:
Government of the Turks and Caicos
Page 235 and 236:
Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
Page 237 and 238:
Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
Page 239 and 240:
OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
Page 241 and 242:
Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
Page 243 and 244:
Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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