Turks and Caicos Islands

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Along with coastal inundation resulting from sea level rise and storm surges during hurricanes, if climate change causes an increase in the intensity of precipitation from storm events, more frequent and substantial flooding will result, which may overburdening wastewater and sewer systems, increasing the risk of water-borne disease, and create breeding grounds for mosquitoes in low lying areas, increasing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue (Climate Change Committee, 2011). The islands are brushed or hit by a hurricane once in every 2.17 years (Hurricane City, 2011). Recent past storms have caused widespread flooding, along with wind damage to homes – tropical storm Hanna and hurricane Ike in 2008 affected the majority of the populations of Grand Turk, South Caicos and Salt Cay (ECLAC, 2008) and caused great loss of property, particularly in Grand Turk (BCQS International, 2010). These systems had significant rainfall (330 mm of rain fell on Middle Caicos during Hanna) which caused severe flooding along with widespread wind damage, leading substantial damage to infrastructure including roadways, the causeway linking Middle Caicos and North Caicos, electricity and service piping including water (ECLAC, 2008). Damages to water supply infrastructure were relatively small at US $339,200, 0.2% of the total damage of US $213.6M (ECLAC, 2008). During hurricane Ike, the airports in Providenciales, Grand Turk, and South Caicos were all flooded (Hurricane City, 2011). Flood water on South Caicos took over two weeks to drain away, compared to Salt Cay where it took around three days – differences thought to result from variable drainage from the salinas (former salt-drying pans that still exist today) in the two islands, with those on South Caicos acting to retain rainwater (ECLAC, 2008). Flooding in South Caicos after hurricane Ike was exacerbated by ground saturation from the earlier Tropical Storm Hanna (Hurricane City, 2011). 38
4.2. Energy Supply and Distribution 4.2.1. Background A global perspective Tourism is a significant user of energy and a concomitant contributor to emissions of greenhouse gases. In various national comparisons, tourism has been identified as one of the most energy-intense sectors, which moreover is largely dependent on fossil fuels (e.g. Gössling et al., 2005; Gössling, 2010). Likewise, the growing energy intensity of economies in the Caribbean has caused concern among researchers (e.g. Francis et al., 2007). Globally, tourism causes 5% of emissions of CO2, the most relevant greenhouse gas. Considering the radiative forcing of all greenhouse gases, tourism’s contribution to global warming increases to 5.2-12.5% (Scott et al., 2010). The higher share is a result of emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx) as well as water leading to the formation of aviation-induced clouds (AIC), which cause additional radiative forcing. The range in the estimate is primarily attributed to uncertainties regarding the role of AIC in trapping heat (Lee et al., 2009). Aviation is consequently the most important tourism-subsector in terms of its impact on climate change, accounting for at least 40% (CO2) of the contribution made by tourism to climate change. This is followed by cars (32% of CO2), accommodation (21%), activities (4%), and other transport (3%), notably cruise ships (1.5%). In the future to 2050, emissions from tourism are expected to grow considerably. Based on a business-asusual scenario for 2035, which considers changes in travel frequency, length of stay, travel distance, and technological efficiency gains, UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008) estimate that emissions will increase by about 135% compared to 2005. Similar figures have been presented by the World Economic Forum (WEF, 2009). Aviation will remain the most important emissions sub-sector of the tourism system, with expected emissions growth by a factor of 2-3. As global climate policy will seek to achieve considerable emission reductions in the order of 50% of 1990 emission levels by 2050, aviation, and tourism more generally, will be in stark conflict with achieving global climate goals, possibly accounting for a large share of the sustainable emissions budget. 39
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Caribbean Regional Headquarters Has
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4.3.4. Women and Youth in TCI Agric
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6.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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Figure 5.8.2: Relationship status o
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Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The CARIBSAVE Part
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The field work components of the re
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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UKOT ----------------- United Kingd
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Overview Of Climate Change Issues I
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The field study sites include notab
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coastal infrastructure and settleme
Page 25 and 26: Perceptions of vulnerability in the
Page 27 and 28: Energy and Tourism Tourism is an in
Page 29 and 30: Reviewing and considering the feasi
Page 31 and 32: 4. Local watershed management: supp
Page 33 and 34: Given the importance of tourism to
Page 35 and 36: Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Page 37 and 38: terrestrial habitats for the purpos
Page 39 and 40: 1. GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT The
Page 41 and 42: damages from intense climatic condi
Page 43 and 44: 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2.1. Geog
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.2.1: Gross Domestic Product
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.2.1 shows a decline in per
Page 49 and 50: oom for expansion of the fin fisher
Page 51 and 52: The CPA points out that the all-inc
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1.1: Earliest and latest ye
Page 55 and 56: GCM projections of future rainfall
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.3.4: GCM and RCM projected
Page 59 and 60: Relative humidity data has not been
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.6.1: Observed and GCM proje
Page 63 and 64: Annual Table 3.8.1: Observed and GC
Page 65 and 66: Annual DJF MAM JJA SON Annual DJF M
Page 67 and 68: frequency in the last 1,500 years b
Page 69 and 70: thermal expansion, with only a cons
Page 71 and 72: particularly affected by higher wat
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.1.2: Availability of water
Page 75: 3). Factors which increase the vuln
Page 79 and 80: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2.3: Assessment of CO2 emis
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4.2.3: Evolution of electric
Page 85 and 86: - Reduce electricity costs and pric
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.2.5: Crude oil prices 1869
Page 89 and 90: Climate policy Figure 4.2.6: Fuel c
Page 91 and 92: taxes can also be a highly transpar
Page 93 and 94: number of potential impacts of clim
Page 95 and 96: 4.3. Agriculture and Food Security
Page 97 and 98: Caicos Islands stems from the fact
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.4.1: Selected statistics re
Page 101 and 102: 2000). Thus, despite the fact that
Page 103 and 104: Table 4.4.3: Reported cases of gast
Page 105 and 106: 4.5. Marine and Terrestrial Biodive
Page 107 and 108: Table 4.5.1: Turks and Caicos Islan
Page 109 and 110: Status of wetlands Over half of the
Page 111 and 112: and enforcing adequate coastal setb
Page 113 and 114: Turtle fishery At least two species
Page 115 and 116: Vulnerability of coral reefs to cli
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.5.4: Unusual amount of Sar
Page 119 and 120: Figure 4.6.1: Grand Turk, The Turks
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.6.1: Impacts associated wit
Page 123 and 124: to identify individual properties,
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.6.6: Total beach and land
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the tourism sector as well, since t
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Hurricane Irene (2011) Figure 4.7.2
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4.7.3. Vulnerability of the tourism
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greater burden of care as poorer ho
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CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS DIRECT INDIR
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Partnership based on the establishe
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each gender group is of the opinion
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entity. One of the key resources ne
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5. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY PROFILE FOR TH
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The institutional and regulatory fr
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5.1.3. Technology Hydrological and
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equested a rate review to rebalance
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Table 5.2.1: Average weighted emiss
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agree that switching off air condit
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Note: Savings costs of energy effic
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Vast options exist to reduce energy
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5.4. Human Health 5.4.1. Policy The
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Table 5.4.1: Summary effects on the
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weaker social infrastructure. Conti
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end the Turks and Caicos Islands ar
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5.5.3. Technology A high degree of
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Table 5.6.1: Summary of adaptation
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5.6.2. Technology - Soft Engineerin
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5.7. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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Table 5.7.1: Enhanced Comprehensive
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Related work in needs and vulnerabi
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Early Warning Systems (EWS) An EWS
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50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%
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distributions based on the gender o
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significant differences in househol
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Table 5.8.13: Source of food supply
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45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0%
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Social Protection Provision Table 5
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Table 5.8.24: Sample distribution b
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Subsistence Agricultural land (16%)
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Resource Importance River / Stream
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In the event of a hurricane, 90.3%
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Event Hurricane Flooding Storm Surg
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Table 5.8.37: Household Adaptation
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Assessments focussing on the links
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Provide gender disaggregated data a
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Short Term Actions Reassess water p
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Long Term Actions Pursue the concep
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Area Management Foundation (C-CAM)
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6.8. Comprehensive Natural Disaster
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The Fire Service is government-run,
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7. CONCLUSION 7.1. Climate Modellin
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7.3. Energy Supply and Distribution
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7.7. Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
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REFERENCES Alcamo, J., Moreno, J. M
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CAREC. (2008a). Caribbean Epidemiol
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Contreras-Lisperguer, R., & de Cuba
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http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUA
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Government of the Turks and Caicos
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Hu, A., Meehl, G., Han, W., & Yin,
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Lime Turks & Caicos Islands. (2011)
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OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation a
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Stern, N. (2006). The Economics of
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Wetherell, G. (2010). Third Quarter
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