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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration .................................................................................................................... i
Dedication .................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER ONE: THE COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDER; THE
BIRTH OF A NEW PENALTY .............................................. 19
Genesis of an Idea ...........................................................................................20
Community Service A modern penalty or a reinvention of
Previous sanctions ......................................................23
The contemporary context from which community service emerged ..........33
The Wootton Committee Report .................................................................... 41
The Legislation................................................................................................47
The Philosophy of Community Service .......................................................... 51
Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 71
CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDERS PUTTING
THE IDEA INTO PRACTICE ...............................................74
The Instrumental Role Of The Probation Service in Community Service ...75
Community Service as an alternative to custody ...........................................84
Recividism and Community Service ..............................................................92
Guidelines Standards for the Administration of Community
Service Orders ..........................................................................97
Community Service An Everyday Penalty ................................................ 108
Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 116
CHAPTER THREE: COMMUNITY SERVICE IN IRELAND A
JOURNEY FROM NECESSITY TO DISCRETION .... 118
Part One
Continuity And Change: A Colonial Legacy ................................................ 119
Local Exigencies: Context and Factors which influenced the
Introduction of Community Service in Ireland. ........... 123
From The White Paper to Legislation: Consideration of
Community Service in the Legislative Process ............ 136
The Operation of Community Service Orders in Ireland ............................ 158
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