is conducive to responsible domestic and foreign direct investment in agriculture. 565 This approach however ignores the constraints that developing countries have to face, and in particular the pressure from large investors. It is also a middle or long-term approach, which does little to stop the immediate harm. If noteworthy efforts have been made by the EU and EU Member States to tackle land grabbing, showing that they start taking the issue seriously, it is far from being sufficient to make a difference and stop the phenomenon. This is all the more problematic as the EU has not adequately modified its biofuel policy to avoid the dramatic socio-economic effects it has in developing countries. 130
Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab Study” FIAN International (2010). 2 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab Study” FIAN International (2010). 3 European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010); Council of the European Union, “Council conclusions on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” 3011th foreign affairs council meeting, (10 May 2010). 4 Hilhorst, T., Nelen, J., and Traoré, N., 2011, Agrarian change below the radar screen: Rising farmland acquisitions by domestic investors in West Africa - Results from a survey in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger, Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, Brighton, 6-8 April 2011. 5 E.g. the Tirana Declaration (May 2011) of the International Land Coalition defines land grabbing as “acquisitions or concessions that are one or more of the following: (i) in violation of human rights, particularly the equal rights of women; (ii) not based on free, prior and informed consent of the affected land-users; (iii) not based on a thorough assessment, or are in disregard of social, economic and environmental impacts, including the way they are gendered; (iv) not based on transparent contracts that specify clear and binding commitments about activities, employment and benefits sharing, and; (v) not based on effective democratic planning, independent oversight and meaningful participation.” See http://www.commercialpressuresonland.org/research-papers/tirana-declarationdeclaraci%C3%B3n-de-tirana-d%C3%A9claration-de-tirana 6 This focus is noted for instance in S. M. Borras Jr and J. C. Franco, “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A preliminary Analysis” 12 (1) Journal of Agrarian Change (January 2012), p. 48. 7 S. M. Borras Jr and J. C. Franco, “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A preliminary Analysis” 12 (1) Journal of Agrarian Change (January 2012), notably p. 50. 8 T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger” ActionAid (January 2010), p. 8. See also the difference made by Friends of the Earth: “The term ‘agrofuels’ describes the liquid fuels derived from food and oil crops produced in largescale plantation-style industrial production systems. These agrofuels are blended with petrol and diesel for use primarily as transport fuel. <strong>Bio</strong>fuels on the other hand, refer to the smallscale use of local biomass for fuel”: Friends of the Earth Europe, “Africa: up for grabs” (June 2010), p. 8. 9 T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger” ActionAid (January 2010), p. 8. 10 European Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, Article 2 (i). 11 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler, “The impact of biofuels on the right to food. Protection gaps for people fleeing from hunger” A/62/289 (22 August 2007), para. 25. 12 K. Deininger, D. Byerlee, J. Lindsay, A. Norton, H. Selod, M. Stickler, “Rising Global Interest in Farmland. Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?” World Bank (2011). 13 K. Deininger, D. Byerlee, J. Lindsay, A. Norton, H. Selod, M. Stickler, “Rising Global Interest in Farmland. Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?” World Bank (2011), p. 62. 131
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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Peasants’ Conference against Land
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climate change in June or July 2012
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