(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

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Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 142 (8 February 2006); European Commission, “Accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Renewable Energy Road Map. Impact Assessment” Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 1719/3 (2006); European Commission, “Accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Biofuels Progress Report. Review of economic and environmental data for the biofuels progress report” Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 1721/3 (2006); European Commission, “Document accompanying the Package of Implementation measures for the EU's objectives on climate change and renewable energy for 2020. Impact Assessment” Staff Working Document SEC(2008) 85/3 (23 January 2008). 507 European Commission, “Accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Renewable Energy Road Map. Impact Assessment” Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 1719/3 (2006), p. 23. 508 European Commission, “Annex to the Communication from the Commission: An EU Strategy for Biofuels. Impact Assessment” Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 142 (8 February 2006), 31; European Commission, “Accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Biofuels Progress Report. Review of economic and environmental data for the biofuels progress report” Staff Working Document SEC(2006) 1721/3 (2006), p. 19. 509 European Commission, “Opinion of the Impact Assessment Board on the Impact Assessment on Package of Implementation measures for the EU's objectives on climate change and renewable energy for 2020” SEC(2008) 84 (18 January 2008). 510 European Commission, “Document accompanying the Package of Implementation measures for the EU's objectives on climate change and renewable energy for 2020. Impact Assessment” Staff Working Document SEC(2008) 85/3 (23 January 2008). 511 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Building resilience: a human rights framework for world food and nutrition security” A/HRC/9/23 (8 September 2008), paras. 25-34. 512 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Building resilience: a human rights framework for world food and nutrition security” A/HRC/9/23 (8 September 2008), Annex II, para. 5. 513 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment 15 “The right to water (arts. 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)”, para. 19. 514 Thus departing from the latest agreed UN standards: UN Human Rights Council, “Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework” UN doc. A/HRC/17/31 (21 March 2011). 515 European Commission, “A renewed EU strategy 2011-2014 for Corporate Social Responsibility” Communication COM(2011) 681/2 (November 2011). 516 Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique (January 2012), para. 451. 517 A. Eide, “The right to food and the impact of liquid biofuels (agrofuels)” FAO (2008), p. 23. 518 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler, “The impact of biofuels on the right to food. Protection gaps for people fleeing from hunger” A/62/289 (22 August 2007), para. 31. 519 M-H. Dabat, “Les nouveaux investissements dans les agrocarburants : Quels enjeux pour les agricultures africaines ?” 237 Afrique contemporaine 97 (2011), p. 104-15. 520 OECD, FAO, “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2011-2020” (2011), p. 86. 158
521 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Building resilience: a human rights framework for world food and nutrition security” A/HRC/9/23 (8 September 2008), Annex II, para. 10. 522 S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Over the heads of local people: consultation, consent and recompense in large-scale land deals for biofuels projects in Africa” 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies (2010), p. 903. 523 European Parliament, “Assisting developing countries in addressing food security challenges” European Parliament resolution of 27 September 2011 (2010/2100(INI)), op. para. D and para. 58. 524 HLPE, “Price volatility and food security” High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security (Rome, July 2011), p. 32. 525 J-J. Gabas, “Les investissements agricoles en Afrique” 237 Afrique contemporaine 97 (2011), p. 48. 526 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Large-scale land acquisitions and leases: A set of minimum principles and measures to address the human rights challenge” A/HRC/13/33/Add.2 (28 December 2009), p. 15. 527 European Commission, “Energy 2020: A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy” COM(2010) 639/3 (31 January 2011), p. 17. 528 European Commission, “Energy Roadmap 2050” COM(2011) 885/2, p. 13. 529 Friends of the Earth Europe, “Africa: up for grabs” (June 2010), p. 6. 530 T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger” ActionAid (January 2010), p. 19. 531 European Commission, Answer given by Mr Piebalgs to the Parliamentary question E- 008192/2011 (21 October 2011). 532 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Mission to Benin” UN Doc. A/HRC/13/33/Add.3 (22 December 2009), para. 50. 533 Interview of the company with Stefano Valentino. 534 See http://www.niisrl.eu/?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=6 (accessed on 8 February 2012). 535 FIAN “Land Grabbing in Kenia. Ausverkauf von Land auf Kosten der Ernährungssicherung” (2010). 536 See http://www.gembiofuels.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=57 (accessed on 8 February 2012). 537 http://www.addax-oryx.com/uk/index.html (accessed on 8 February 2012). 538 http://www.tereos.com/fr-fr/activites/filieres/cannes.html (accessed on 8 February 2012). 539 http://www.prix-pinocchio.org/rubrique.php?id_rubrique=7. 540 Damian Carrington and Stefano Valentino, “Biofuels boom in Africa as British firms lead rush on land for plantations“, The Guardian online, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/31/biofuel-plantations-africa-british-firms (31 May 2011). 541 Source: Damian Carrington and Stefano Valentino, “Biofuels boom in Africa as British firms lead rush on land for plantations“, The Guardian online, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/31/biofuel-plantations-africa-british-firms (31 May 2011). Remark: concessions include all negotiated land, whether it is only agreed, formally leased or already used. 542 Source: Damian Carrington and Stefano Valentino, “Biofuels boom in Africa as British firms lead rush on land for plantations“, The Guardian online, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/31/biofuel-plantations-africa-british-firms (31 159
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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or animal feed is turned over to gr
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Methodology: combining authoritativ
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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d. Support sustainable small-scale
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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List of boxes, figures and tables T
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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ange of recent sources, including f
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2. The evolution since 2010: the ri
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2.2. A growing opposition Faced wit
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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- standards for distribution of bio
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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4. Case studies Three case studies
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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not, or not adequately, consulted,
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The Markala Sugar Project will also
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Peasants’ Conference against Land
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unit is “currently providing majo
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5. How European biofuel policies dr
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iofuels between 2003 and 2006 (6.6
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iofuels production should thus alwa
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ecological and social impacts in pr
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occur in these regions.” 232 Howe
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5.2.4. Making land a bankable inves
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6. The social, human rights and env
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While agrofuel related crops are gr
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should be remarked however that the
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project”. In particular, the repo
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it has nevertheless been shown abov
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deductions to the company.” 348 G
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mechanisms in African countries to
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specialised in EU affairs suggests
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climate change in June or July 2012
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sometimes partial. 418 The findings
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Another argument of the EU for its
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8. The EU and EU Member States’ v
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However, whereas the Commission spe
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esources towards this goal. 479 Yet
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conclude with absolute certitude wh
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When potential negative impacts are
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Access to remedies ETO Principle 37
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9.2. The way forward: EU and its Me
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Sources ActionAid and Friends of th
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European Commission and Joint Resea
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environmental data for the biofuels
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Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) o
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United Nations Special Rapporteur o
Page 107 and 108: AFRICAN NATIONAL OIL CORPORATI ON S
Page 109 and 110: ITAL SENEGAL SARL BBE SA (BERTOLA B
Page 111 and 112: LONHRO Agriculture (Subsidiary of L
Page 113 and 114: Annex III. Jatropha related project
Page 115 and 116: services delivery project of the Di
Page 117 and 118: Source: Africa Europe Faith and Jus
Page 119 and 120: GERMANY Flora EcoPower ETHIOPIA Oro
Page 121 and 122: Investor country SWEDEN Sekab UNITE
Page 123 and 124: SWEDISH SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania Lt
Page 125 and 126: KINGDOM BELGIUM Felisa Investor cou
Page 127 and 128: Finally, a number of cases studies
Page 129 and 130: political, economic and social back
Page 131 and 132: Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R.
Page 133 and 134: 31 For an overview of the intrsumen
Page 135 and 136: 68 The Commission is preparing a "E
Page 137 and 138: 100 Merian Research and CRBM, “Th
Page 139 and 140: 149 FIAN Germany, “Land Grabbing
Page 141 and 142: 193 C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer,
Page 143 and 144: 230 J. W. van Gelder with L. German
Page 145 and 146: 264 P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo,
Page 147 and 148: 298 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Afr
Page 149 and 150: 342 Bread for All, “Concerns of B
Page 151 and 152: 375 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of Afr
Page 153 and 154: 419 E.g. “While inheritance laws
Page 155 and 156: 456 European Commission, “Increas
Page 157: international organisations” in J
Page 161: http://www.fian.org/resources/docum
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