(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

Endnotes
1
A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab Study” FIAN
International (2010).
2
A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab Study” FIAN
International (2010).
3
European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing
food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010); Council of the European Union,
“Council conclusions on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing
food security challenges” 3011th foreign affairs council meeting, (10 May 2010).
4
Hilhorst, T., Nelen, J., and Traoré, N., 2011, Agrarian change below the radar screen: Rising
farmland acquisitions by domestic investors in West Africa - Results from a survey in Benin,
Burkina Faso and Niger, Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land
Grabbing, Brighton, 6-8 April 2011.
5
E.g. the Tirana Declaration (May 2011) of the International Land Coalition defines land
grabbing as “acquisitions or concessions that are one or more of the following: (i) in violation of
human rights, particularly the equal rights of women; (ii) not based on free, prior and informed
consent of the affected land-users; (iii) not based on a thorough assessment, or are in
disregard of social, economic and environmental impacts, including the way they are gendered;
(iv) not based on transparent contracts that specify clear and binding commitments about
activities, employment and benefits sharing, and; (v) not based on effective democratic
planning, independent oversight and meaningful participation.” See
http://www.commercialpressuresonland.org/research-papers/tirana-declarationdeclaraci%C3%B3n-de-tirana-d%C3%A9claration-de-tirana
6
This focus is noted for instance in S. M. Borras Jr and J. C. Franco, “Global Land Grabbing
and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A preliminary Analysis” 12 (1) Journal of Agrarian Change
(January 2012), p. 48.
7
S. M. Borras Jr and J. C. Franco, “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian
Change: A preliminary Analysis” 12 (1) Journal of Agrarian Change (January 2012), notably p.
50.
8
T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger”
ActionAid (January 2010), p. 8. See also the difference made by Friends of the Earth: “The
term ‘agrofuels’ describes the liquid fuels derived from food and oil crops produced in largescale
plantation-style industrial production systems. These agrofuels are blended with petrol
and diesel for use primarily as transport fuel. Biofuels on the other hand, refer to the smallscale
use of local biomass for fuel”: Friends of the Earth Europe, “Africa: up for grabs” (June
2010), p. 8.
9
T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger”
ActionAid (January 2010), p. 8.
10
European Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives
2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, Article 2 (i).
11
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler, “The impact of biofuels
on the right to food. Protection gaps for people fleeing from hunger” A/62/289 (22 August
2007), para. 25.
12
K. Deininger, D. Byerlee, J. Lindsay, A. Norton, H. Selod, M. Stickler, “Rising Global Interest
in Farmland. Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?” World Bank (2011).
13
K. Deininger, D. Byerlee, J. Lindsay, A. Norton, H. Selod, M. Stickler, “Rising Global Interest
in Farmland. Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?” World Bank (2011), p. 62.
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