(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

230
J. W. van Gelder with L. German, “Biofuel finance: Global trends in biofuel finance in forestrich
countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America and implications for governance” CIFOR
infobriefs No. 36 (January 2011).
231
T. Kachika, “Land grabbing in Africa: A Review of the Impacts and the Possible Policy
Responses” Oxfam International Pan Africa Programme (2011).
232
European Commission, “Recent progress in developing renewable energy sources and
technical evaluation of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in transport in accordance
with Article 3 of Directive 2001/77/EC and Article 4(2) of Directive 2003/30/EC” SEC(2011) 130
final (31 January 2011), p. 35.
233
Data of the consulting firm LMC International reported by Oxfam Germany, available at
www.oxfam.de/ethanol-grafiken (visited on 16 February 2012).
234
The European Commission for instance admitted it with regards to ethanol produced in
Ethiopia and imported to the EU: European Commission, Answer given by Mr Piebalgs to the
Parliamentary question E-008192/2011 (21 October 2011). See also J. W. van Gelder with L.
German, “Biofuel finance: Global trends in biofuel finance in forest-rich countries of Asia, Africa
and Latin America and implications for governance” CIFOR infobriefs No. 36 (January 2011), p.
3. The Cour des comptes gives the example of ethanol: Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide
aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique (January 2012), para. 66.
235
Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique
(January 2012), paras. 65-68.
236
European Commission and Joint Research Centre, “Prospects for Agricultural Markets and
Income in the EU 2011 – 2020” Directorate- General for Agriculture and Rural Development
(December 2011), p. 20.
237
Ecofys, Agra CEAS, Chalmers University, IIASA and Winrock, “Biofuels Baseline 2008”
Report to the EU in response to Tender No. TREN/D1/458/2009 (January 2012), p. 34.
238
Ecofys, Agra CEAS, Chalmers University, IIASA and Winrock, “Biofuels Baseline 2008”
Report to the EU in response to Tender No. TREN/D1/458/2009 (January 2012), p. 537.
239
UK renewable Fuels Agency, “The Gallagher Review of the indirect effects of biofuels
production” (July 2008), p. 36.
240
European Commission and Joint Research Centre, “Prospects for Agricultural Markets and
Income in the EU 2011 – 2020” Directorate- General for Agriculture and Rural Development
(December 2011), p. 46.
241
D. Headey and S. Fan, “Reflections on the Global Food Crisis. How Did It Happen? How
Has It Hurt? And How Can We Prevent the Next One?” International Food Policy Research
Institute Research Monograph 165 (2010), p. 28-29.
242
M. Harvey and S. Pilgrim, “The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change”
36 Food Policy (2011), S43.
243
T. Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger”
ActionAid (January 2010), p. 37.
244
European Commission and Joint Research Centre, “Prospects for Agricultural Markets and
Income in the EU 2011 – 2020” Directorate- General for Agriculture and Rural Development
(December 2011), notably p. 4 and 21.
245
From an analysis of an EU study in UK renewable Fuels Agency, “The Gallagher Review of
the indirect effects of biofuels production” (July 2008), p. 36.
246 See e.g. http://wirtschaft.t-online.de/erneuerbare-energie-deutschland-muss-getreideimportieren/id_53007742/index
247
Reuters, “Germany advised not to import food for biofuel” (20 January 2012),
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/20/biofuels-germany-idUSL6E8CK26Q20120120
143