(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

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437 See e.g. European Commission, Answer given by Mr Oettinger to the Parliamentary question E-010824/2010 (7 February 2011). 438 European Commission, Answer given by Mr Piebalgs to the Parliamentary question E- 009398/2011 (30 November 2011). 439 E.g. European Commission, Answer given by Mr Oettinger to the Parliamentary question E- 7133/2010 (22 October 2010). 440 J. Franco, L. Levidow, D. Fig, L. Goldfarb, M. Hönicke & M. L. Mendonça, “Assumptions in the European Union biofuels policy: frictions with experiences in Germany, Brazil and Mozambique” 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies 661 (2010), p. 673. 441 Euractive.com; “EU climate chief calls for ‘much care’ on biofuels” (2 February 2012) available at http://www.euractiv.com/climate-environment/eu-climate-chief-calls-care-biofuelsnews-510528. 442 B.Lewis, “EU energy chief against higher biofuel target for now” Reuters (7 February 2012) available at http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/07/eu-biofuelsidUSL5E8D725N20120207?feedType=RSS&feedName=everything&virtualBrandChannel=115 63. 443 CONCORD, “Spotlight on EU Policy Coherence for Development: A Lisbon Treaty provision. A Human Rights obligation” European NGO confederation for Relief and Development (2011), p. 17-18. 444 P. Koutrakos, “Primary law and policy in EU external relations: moving away from the big picture” 33(5) European Law Review (2008), p. 677; European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011), p. 10. 445 European Commission, “Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: and Agenda for Change” COM(2011) 637 final (13 October 2011), p. 11. 446 CONCORD, “Spotlight on EU Policy Coherence for Development: A Lisbon Treaty provision. A Human Rights obligation” European NGO confederation for Relief and Development (2011), p. 11-12. 447 For more details, see CONCORD, “Spotlight on EU Policy Coherence for Development: A Lisbon Treaty provision. A Human Rights obligation” European NGO confederation for Relief and Development (2011), chapter 1. 448 Council of the European Union, Document 12481/09 (9 October 2009); European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011), p. 11. 449 European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011), p. 11. 450 European Commission, “An EU Strategy for <strong>Bio</strong>fuels” COM(2006) 34 final (8 February 2006), p. 15. 451 European Commission, Answer given by Mr Oettinger to the Parliamentary question E- 0474/2010 (30 April 2010). 452 CONCORD, “Spotlight on EU Policy Coherence for Development: A Lisbon Treaty provision. A Human Rights obligation” European NGO confederation for Relief and Development (2011), p. 13. 453 European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011), p. 22. 454 European Commission, Answer given by Mr Cioloş to the Parliamentary question E- 007900/2011 (10 October 2011). 455 European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011). 154
456 European Commission, “Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: and Agenda for Change” COM(2011) 637 final (13 October 2011), p. 9. 457 European Commission, “EU 2011 Report on Policy Coherence for Development” SEC(2011)1627 final (15 December 2011), p. 60. 458 European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010), p. 8-9. See also Council of the European Union, “Council conclusions on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” 3011th foreign affairs council meeting, (10 May 2010) and European Parliament, “Assisting developing countries in addressing food security challenges” European Parliament resolution 2010/2100(INI)) (27 September 2011). 459 Council of the European Union, “Council conclusions on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” 3011th foreign affairs council meeting, (10 May 2010), para. 3. 460 European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010), p. 3. 461 European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010), p. 8. 462 European Commission, “Rio+20: towards the green economy and better governance” Communication COM(2011) 363 final (20 June 2011), p. 7. 463 European Commission, “Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: and Agenda for Change” COM(2011) 637 final (13 October 2011), p. 8-9. 464 European Parliament and Council Regulation 1337/2008 establishing a facility for rapid response to soaring food prices in developing countries (16 December 2008). More information on http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/food-facility_en.htm 465 Declaration of the Head of Unit Rural Development, Food Security & Nutrition, DEVCO at the seminar “Moving from crisis to empowerment: The role of EU Food Facility in connecting people to markets” held on 25 January in Brussels. 466 European Commission, “Accompanying document to the communication from the commission to the Council and the European parliament: An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” SEC(2010)379 final (31 March 2010), p. 7. 467 European Commission, “Accompanying document to the communication from the commission to the Council and the European parliament: An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” SEC(2010)379 final (31 March 2010), p. 8-9. 468 European Commission, “An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” COM(2010)127 (31 March 2010), p. 4. 469 European Commission, “Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013” SEC(2010)421 final (21 April 2010), p. 23. 470 European Commission, “Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013” SEC(2010)421 final (21 April 2010), p. 36. 471 European Commission, “Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013” SEC(2010)421 final (21 April 2010), p. 22. 472 European Commission, “Accompanying document to the communication from the commission to the Council and the European parliament: An EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges” SEC(2010)379 final (31 March 2010), p. 8. 473 European Commission, “Increasing the impact of EU Development Policy: and Agenda for Change” COM(2011)637 final (13 October 2011), p. 5. 155
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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or animal feed is turned over to gr
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Methodology: combining authoritativ
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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d. Support sustainable small-scale
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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List of boxes, figures and tables T
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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ange of recent sources, including f
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2. The evolution since 2010: the ri
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2.2. A growing opposition Faced wit
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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- standards for distribution of bio
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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4. Case studies Three case studies
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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not, or not adequately, consulted,
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The Markala Sugar Project will also
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Peasants’ Conference against Land
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unit is “currently providing majo
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5. How European biofuel policies dr
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iofuels between 2003 and 2006 (6.6
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iofuels production should thus alwa
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ecological and social impacts in pr
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occur in these regions.” 232 Howe
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5.2.4. Making land a bankable inves
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6. The social, human rights and env
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While agrofuel related crops are gr
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should be remarked however that the
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project”. In particular, the repo
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it has nevertheless been shown abov
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deductions to the company.” 348 G
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mechanisms in African countries to
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specialised in EU affairs suggests
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climate change in June or July 2012
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sometimes partial. 418 The findings
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Another argument of the EU for its
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8. The EU and EU Member States’ v
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However, whereas the Commission spe
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esources towards this goal. 479 Yet
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conclude with absolute certitude wh
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When potential negative impacts are
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Access to remedies ETO Principle 37
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9.2. The way forward: EU and its Me
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Sources ActionAid and Friends of th
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European Commission and Joint Resea
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environmental data for the biofuels
Page 103 and 104: Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) o
Page 105 and 106: United Nations Special Rapporteur o
Page 107 and 108: AFRICAN NATIONAL OIL CORPORATI ON S
Page 109 and 110: ITAL SENEGAL SARL BBE SA (BERTOLA B
Page 111 and 112: LONHRO Agriculture (Subsidiary of L
Page 113 and 114: Annex III. Jatropha related project
Page 115 and 116: services delivery project of the Di
Page 117 and 118: Source: Africa Europe Faith and Jus
Page 119 and 120: GERMANY Flora EcoPower ETHIOPIA Oro
Page 121 and 122: Investor country SWEDEN Sekab UNITE
Page 123 and 124: SWEDISH SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania Lt
Page 125 and 126: KINGDOM BELGIUM Felisa Investor cou
Page 127 and 128: Finally, a number of cases studies
Page 129 and 130: political, economic and social back
Page 131 and 132: Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R.
Page 133 and 134: 31 For an overview of the intrsumen
Page 135 and 136: 68 The Commission is preparing a "E
Page 137 and 138: 100 Merian Research and CRBM, “Th
Page 139 and 140: 149 FIAN Germany, “Land Grabbing
Page 141 and 142: 193 C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer,
Page 143 and 144: 230 J. W. van Gelder with L. German
Page 145 and 146: 264 P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo,
Page 147 and 148: 298 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Afr
Page 149 and 150: 342 Bread for All, “Concerns of B
Page 151 and 152: 375 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of Afr
Page 153: 419 E.g. “While inheritance laws
Page 157 and 158: international organisations” in J
Page 159 and 160: 521 United Nations Special Rapporte
Page 161: http://www.fian.org/resources/docum
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