(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

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Deininger, H. Selod, “What Drives the Global ‘Land Rush’?” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 5864 (October 2011), p. 9. 362 P. B Matondi, K. Havnenik and A. Beyene (eds), Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa, Zed Books (Uppsala: 2011), p. 69. 363 K. Deininger, D. Byerlee, J. Lindsay, A. Norton, H. Selod, M. Stickler, “Rising Global Interest in Farmland. Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?” World Bank (2011), p. 71. 364 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Africa: What is in the contracts” International Institute for Environment and Development (January 2011), p. 2 365 S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Over the heads of local people: consultation, consent and recompense in large-scale land deals for biofuels projects in Africa” 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies (2010), p. 909. 366 United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Olivier de Schutter, “Mission to Benin”, A/HRC/13/33/Add.3 (22 December 2009), para. 51. 367 Oxfam, “Land and power: The growing scandal surrounding the new wave of investments in land” Oxfam briefing paper 151 (22 September 2011), p. 23. 368 HLPE, “Land tenure and international investments in agriculture: A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security” FAO Committee on World Food Security (July 2011), p. 26. 369 S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Over the heads of local people: consultation, consent and recompense in large-scale land deals for biofuels projects in Africa” 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies (2010), p. 913-914. 370 See generally HLPE, “Land tenure and international investments in agriculture: A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security” FAO Committee on World Food Security (July 2011). 371 This was analysed in the previous MONITORING report, A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab study” CSO Monitoring 2009-2010 “Advancing African Agriculture” (AAA): The Impact of Europe’s Policies and Practices on African Agriculture and Food Security (2010), p. 56-61. This is also what is concluded in a review of twelve large-scale land deals L. Cotula, “Land deals in Africa: What is in the contracts” International Institute for Environment and Development (January 2011), p. 39-41. See also P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo, “Attracting foreign direct investment in Africa in the context of land grabbing for biofuels and food security” in P. B Matondi, K. Havnenik and A. Beyene (eds), Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa, Zed Books (Uppsala: 2011), p. 68-89. 372 As suggested by the initial assumption in R. Arezki, K. Deininger, H. Selod, “What Drives the Global ‘Land Rush’?” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 5864 (October 2011), p. 9: “[…] large investors may find it easier to establish and defend property rights if (land) governance and the state‘s enforcement capacity and presence are weak. Some investors unfamiliar with customary tenure systems may indeed believe that it will be easier and more secure to acquire land directly from governments rather than by engaging in a dialogue with local rural populations.” 373 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of African lands for energy and food: implications for land rights, food security and smallholders” in P. B Matondi, K. Havnenik and A. Beyene (eds), Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa, Zed Books (Uppsala: 2011), p. 28. 374 S. Vermeulen and L. Cotula, “Over the heads of local people: consultation, consent and recompense in large-scale land deals for biofuels projects in Africa” 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies (2010), p. 914. 150
375 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of African lands for energy and food: implications for land rights, food security and smallholders” in P. B Matondi, K. Havnenik and A. Beyene (eds), Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa, Zed Books (Uppsala: 2011), p. 24-25. 376 See generally J. W. Bruce with S. Hold, “Land and Conflict Prevention” Initiative on Quiet Diplomacy (August 2011), p. 46-53 which describe similar source of land conflicts. 377 AFP, “Death toll in Senegal clash over biofuels land rises to two” (26 October 2011) available at http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19554 378 E. Cushion, A. Whiteman, and G. Dieterle, “Bioenergy Development: Issues and Impacts for Poverty and Natural Resource Management” World Bank (2010), p. 100. 379 E. Cushion, A. Whiteman, and G. Dieterle, “Bioenergy Development: Issues and Impacts for Poverty and Natural Resource Management” World Bank (2010), p. 126. 380 European Environment Agency Scientific Committee, “Opinion of the EEA Scientific Committee on Greenhouse Gas Accounting in Relation to Bioenergy” (15 September 2011). 381 Tim Rice, “Meals per gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger” ActionAid (January 2010), p. 28. 382 European Commission, “Report from the Commission on indirect land-use change related to biofuels and bioliquids“ COM(2010) 811 final (22 December 2010). 383 European Commission, “Report from the Commission on indirect land-use change related to biofuels and bioliquids“ COM(2010) 811 final (22 December 2010). 384 Argus, “European biofuels industry faces uncertainty” (25 January 2012) http://www.argusmedia.com/pages/NewsBody.aspx?id=783415&menu=yes 385 Arthur Neslen, “Biodiesels pollute more than crude oil, leaked data show” Euractiv.com (27 January 2012) available at http://www.euractiv.com/climate-environment/biodiesels-pollutecrude-oil-leaked-data-show-news-510437. 386 European Commission, Joint answer given by Ms Hedegaard on behalf of the Commission to European Parliaments written questions: E-008939/11 and E-009659/11. 387 Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique (January 2012). 388 Reuters, “Germany advised not to import food for biofuel” (20 January 2012), http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/20/biofuels-germany-idUSL6E8CK26Q20120120 389 Committee on Climate Change, “Bioenergy review” Committee on Climate Change (December 2011). 390 Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique (January 2012), para. 391. 391 European Parliament, Parliamentary question E-7442/2010 by Oreste Rossi (EFD) (21 September 2010). 392 European Parliament, Parliamentary question E-6626/2010 by Andreas Mölzer (NI) (20 August 2010). 393 European Parliament, Parliamentary question E-006815/2011 by João Ferreira (GUE/NGL) (12 July 2011). 394 European Parliament, Parliamentary question E-006547/2011 by Willy Meyer (GUE/NGL) (13 July 2011). 395 European Parliament, Resolution P7_TA-PROV(2011)0430 on developing a common EU position ahead of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) (29 September 2011). 396 European Parliament, Question for oral answer O-000212/2011 (22 September 2011). 397 European Parliament, Motion for Resolution on EU biomass policy and its impact on development B7-0000/2011 (27 July 2011). 151
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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or animal feed is turned over to gr
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Methodology: combining authoritativ
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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d. Support sustainable small-scale
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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List of boxes, figures and tables T
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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ange of recent sources, including f
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2. The evolution since 2010: the ri
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2.2. A growing opposition Faced wit
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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- standards for distribution of bio
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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4. Case studies Three case studies
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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not, or not adequately, consulted,
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The Markala Sugar Project will also
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Peasants’ Conference against Land
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unit is “currently providing majo
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5. How European biofuel policies dr
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iofuels between 2003 and 2006 (6.6
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iofuels production should thus alwa
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ecological and social impacts in pr
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occur in these regions.” 232 Howe
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5.2.4. Making land a bankable inves
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6. The social, human rights and env
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While agrofuel related crops are gr
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should be remarked however that the
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project”. In particular, the repo
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it has nevertheless been shown abov
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deductions to the company.” 348 G
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mechanisms in African countries to
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specialised in EU affairs suggests
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climate change in June or July 2012
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sometimes partial. 418 The findings
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Another argument of the EU for its
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8. The EU and EU Member States’ v
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However, whereas the Commission spe
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esources towards this goal. 479 Yet
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conclude with absolute certitude wh
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When potential negative impacts are
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Access to remedies ETO Principle 37
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9.2. The way forward: EU and its Me
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Sources ActionAid and Friends of th
Page 99 and 100: European Commission and Joint Resea
Page 101 and 102: environmental data for the biofuels
Page 103 and 104: Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) o
Page 105 and 106: United Nations Special Rapporteur o
Page 107 and 108: AFRICAN NATIONAL OIL CORPORATI ON S
Page 109 and 110: ITAL SENEGAL SARL BBE SA (BERTOLA B
Page 111 and 112: LONHRO Agriculture (Subsidiary of L
Page 113 and 114: Annex III. Jatropha related project
Page 115 and 116: services delivery project of the Di
Page 117 and 118: Source: Africa Europe Faith and Jus
Page 119 and 120: GERMANY Flora EcoPower ETHIOPIA Oro
Page 121 and 122: Investor country SWEDEN Sekab UNITE
Page 123 and 124: SWEDISH SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania Lt
Page 125 and 126: KINGDOM BELGIUM Felisa Investor cou
Page 127 and 128: Finally, a number of cases studies
Page 129 and 130: political, economic and social back
Page 131 and 132: Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R.
Page 133 and 134: 31 For an overview of the intrsumen
Page 135 and 136: 68 The Commission is preparing a "E
Page 137 and 138: 100 Merian Research and CRBM, “Th
Page 139 and 140: 149 FIAN Germany, “Land Grabbing
Page 141 and 142: 193 C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer,
Page 143 and 144: 230 J. W. van Gelder with L. German
Page 145 and 146: 264 P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo,
Page 147 and 148: 298 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Afr
Page 149: 342 Bread for All, “Concerns of B
Page 153 and 154: 419 E.g. “While inheritance laws
Page 155 and 156: 456 European Commission, “Increas
Page 157 and 158: international organisations” in J
Page 159 and 160: 521 United Nations Special Rapporte
Page 161: http://www.fian.org/resources/docum
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