(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policies and land grabbing in Africa ................................... 53
5.2.1. Driving the demand for land to grow biofuel feedstocks… ....................................... 53
5.2.2. … in Africa ................................................................................................................ 55
5.2.3. Affecting the land rush for other commodities, including food .................................. 57
5.2.4. Making land a bankable investment ......................................................................... 59
5.3. Imposing an export industrial farming model on the pressure of the agroindustry
................................................................................................................................................ 59
6. The social, human rights and environmental impacts of land grabbing as a
consequence of the EU biofuel policy ............................................................................. 61
6.1. Food security and the right to food ............................................................................. 61
6.1.1. Less food available ................................................................................................... 62
6.1.2. Not able to buy food .................................................................................................. 64
6.2. Access to land and water .............................................................................................. 65
6.3. Employment ................................................................................................................... 68
6.4. Distribution of income and revenues .......................................................................... 69
6.5. Governance and stability .............................................................................................. 72
6.6. Environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources ...................... 74
7. EU’s efforts and limits to address the issue ............................................................... 76
7.1. The European Parliament and EU Member States’ reactions ................................... 76
7.2. European Commission’s institutional response to the social impact of the RED .. 77
7.3. EU’s justification in favour of its biofuel policy and methodological flaws ............ 79
8. The EU and EU Member States’ violations of EU and international law ................... 83
8.1. The EU facing its own contradictions: the EU must fulfil its commitments and
make its policies coherent ................................................................................................... 83
8.1.1. Food security, sustainable agriculture and small scale farmers ............................... 84
8.1.2. Natural resources management, access to land, governance and rural development
............................................................................................................................................ 86
8.1.3. Other dimensions ...................................................................................................... 86
8.2. A violation of the EU and EU Member States’ extra-territorial obligations ............. 87
8.2.1. Extra-territorial obligations of the EU and EU Member States ................................. 87
8.2.2. EU’s biofuels policy as a violation of international law ............................................. 89
9. Conclusion: the way forward ....................................................................................... 94
9.1. The wrong model ........................................................................................................... 94
9.2. The way forward: EU and its Member states have an important role to play .......... 95
Sources ............................................................................................................................. 97
Annexes ........................................................................................................................... 106
Annex I. Agreed biofuel projects in Senegal as of 21 st April 2010 ........................................ 106
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