(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

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nothing is done, this opposition will only grow in the coming years, and civil society organisations and affected people will mobilise to defend their rights. It is thus time for the EU and EU Member States to act. The issues at stake – human rights violations – are grave enough to expect that immediate action be taken. It cannot be waited that a few more thousands of people die of hunger or get evicted. And although action should be taken by several actors, Europe has a leading role to play; in the words of the Commission: “As a frontrunner in policy development, the EU has more scope to influence standard-setting environmental issues.” 527 Alternatives to agrofuels for road transport, such as electric vehicles, already exist or are to be invented, and are being investigated by the European Commission. 528 Without a doubt, the EU will be able to find socially and environmentally sustainable power model – and it will not accept that its energy is made on the back of human rights violations. 96
Sources ActionAid and Friends of the Earth, “The bad business of biofuels” Briefing (February 2012) African Development Bank/Banque Africaine de Développement, “Mali, Projet Sucrier de Markala. Resumé exécutif de l’Étude d’impact environnemental et social” (August 2009) African Development Bank/Banque Africaine de Développement, “Mali, Projet Sucrier de Markala. Resumé exécutif du Plan d’action de réinstallation des populations” (August 2009) African Development Fund, “Appraisal Report. Project: Markala Sugar Project – Agricultural Component, Country: Mali (November 2010) African Union Commission, Economic Commission for Africa and African Development Bank, “Framework and Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa” AUC-ECA-AfDB Consortium (2010) W. Anseeuw, L. Alden, L. Cotula, M. Taylor, “Land Rights and the Rush for Land: Findings of the Global Commercial Pressures on Land Research Project” IIED, CIRAD and ILC (January 2012) R. Arezki, K. Deiniger, H. Selod “ What drives the global land rush?” IMF Working Paper WP/11/251 (2011) R. Arezki, K. Deiniger, H. Selod “La ‘course aux terres’. Quelques éclairages empiriques” 2011/1(237) Afriques Contemporaine (2011) C. Bals, S. Harmeling and M. Windfuhr, “Climate Change, Food Security and the Right to Adequate Food” Diakonisches Werk der EKD e.V., Bread for the World and Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe (October 2008), p. 57. J. Baxter, “Palm oil fuels land grabs in Africa” Pambawuka News (15 Septeber 2011), available at http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/76280 J. Behrman, R. Meinzen-Dick and A. R. Quisumbing, “The Gender Implications of Large-Scale Land Deals” IFPRI Policy Brief 17 (April 2011). C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer, “Anticipated Indirect Land Use Change Associated with Expanded Use of Biofuels and Bioliquids in the EU – An Analysis of the National Renewable Energy Action Plans” IIEP (March 2011) Bread for All and Waterlex, “Addax Bioenergy - Sierra Leone Makeni Project compliance with the Human Right to Water” Joint-Evaluation (June 2011) Bread for All, “Concerns of Bread for all on the Addax Bioenergy project in Sierra Leone” Land Grabbing: the Dark Side of Sustainable Investments (November 2011) S. Bringezu, H. Schütz, M. O´Brien, L. Kauppi, R. W. Howarth, J. McNeely, “Towards sustainable production nd use of resources: Assessing Biofuels” United Nations Environment Programme (October 2009) 97
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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or animal feed is turned over to gr
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Methodology: combining authoritativ
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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d. Support sustainable small-scale
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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List of boxes, figures and tables T
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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ange of recent sources, including f
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2. The evolution since 2010: the ri
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2.2. A growing opposition Faced wit
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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- standards for distribution of bio
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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4. Case studies Three case studies
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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not, or not adequately, consulted,
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The Markala Sugar Project will also
Page 45 and 46: Peasants’ Conference against Land
Page 47 and 48: unit is “currently providing majo
Page 49 and 50: 5. How European biofuel policies dr
Page 51 and 52: iofuels between 2003 and 2006 (6.6
Page 53 and 54: iofuels production should thus alwa
Page 55 and 56: ecological and social impacts in pr
Page 57 and 58: occur in these regions.” 232 Howe
Page 59 and 60: 5.2.4. Making land a bankable inves
Page 61 and 62: 6. The social, human rights and env
Page 63 and 64: While agrofuel related crops are gr
Page 65 and 66: should be remarked however that the
Page 67 and 68: project”. In particular, the repo
Page 69 and 70: it has nevertheless been shown abov
Page 71 and 72: deductions to the company.” 348 G
Page 73 and 74: mechanisms in African countries to
Page 75 and 76: specialised in EU affairs suggests
Page 77 and 78: climate change in June or July 2012
Page 79 and 80: sometimes partial. 418 The findings
Page 81 and 82: Another argument of the EU for its
Page 83 and 84: 8. The EU and EU Member States’ v
Page 85 and 86: However, whereas the Commission spe
Page 87 and 88: esources towards this goal. 479 Yet
Page 89 and 90: conclude with absolute certitude wh
Page 91 and 92: When potential negative impacts are
Page 93 and 94: Access to remedies ETO Principle 37
Page 95: 9.2. The way forward: EU and its Me
Page 99 and 100: European Commission and Joint Resea
Page 101 and 102: environmental data for the biofuels
Page 103 and 104: Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) o
Page 105 and 106: United Nations Special Rapporteur o
Page 107 and 108: AFRICAN NATIONAL OIL CORPORATI ON S
Page 109 and 110: ITAL SENEGAL SARL BBE SA (BERTOLA B
Page 111 and 112: LONHRO Agriculture (Subsidiary of L
Page 113 and 114: Annex III. Jatropha related project
Page 115 and 116: services delivery project of the Di
Page 117 and 118: Source: Africa Europe Faith and Jus
Page 119 and 120: GERMANY Flora EcoPower ETHIOPIA Oro
Page 121 and 122: Investor country SWEDEN Sekab UNITE
Page 123 and 124: SWEDISH SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania Lt
Page 125 and 126: KINGDOM BELGIUM Felisa Investor cou
Page 127 and 128: Finally, a number of cases studies
Page 129 and 130: political, economic and social back
Page 131 and 132: Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R.
Page 133 and 134: 31 For an overview of the intrsumen
Page 135 and 136: 68 The Commission is preparing a "E
Page 137 and 138: 100 Merian Research and CRBM, “Th
Page 139 and 140: 149 FIAN Germany, “Land Grabbing
Page 141 and 142: 193 C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer,
Page 143 and 144: 230 J. W. van Gelder with L. German
Page 145 and 146: 264 P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo,
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298 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Afr
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342 Bread for All, “Concerns of B
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375 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of Afr
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419 E.g. “While inheritance laws
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456 European Commission, “Increas
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international organisations” in J
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521 United Nations Special Rapporte
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