(Bio)Fueling Injustice? - Europafrica

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81 For a critics of Economic Partnership Agreements, see A. Graham, S. Aubry, R. Künnemann and S. Monsalve Suárez, “Land Grab Study” FIAN International (2010). 82 See generally http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=cd%2fcd_Introduction.html&docType=ma in&languageId=en 83 European Commission Directorate General for Trade, EU trade statistics for ACP Countries except South Africa, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/html/113468.htm (10 January 2012) (visited on 15 February 2012). 84 http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/articles/recp-strategy-2020 and http://www.africa-eupartnership.org/articles/renewable-energy-cooperation-programme-recp 85 See for example the role of the Swedish development assistance: “Swedish development assistance millions to new land grab“ http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19734 (11 December 2011). See generally The Oakland Institute, “The role of development agencies” Land deal brief (December 2011). 86 European Commission, Answer given by Mr Piebalgs to the Parliamentary question E- 005121/2011 (30 June 2011). 87 Anna Jung, Philipp Dörrenberg, Anna Rauch, and Michael Thöne, “Biofuels – at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the European Union – 2010 Update” Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (July 2010), p. 70. 88 Cour des comptes, “La politique d’aide aux biocarburants” Rapport public thématique (January 2012). 89 ActionAid and Friends of the Earth, “The bad business of biofuels” Briefing (February 2012). 90 L. German and G. Schoneveld, “Social sustainability of EU-approved voluntary schemes for biofuels: Implications for rural livelihoods” CIFOR Working Paper 75 (2011), p. 8. 91 20.8 million euros loan for the construction of bioethanol plant near Nysa. See http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/2008/20080519.htm. 92 167,937,863 euros loan for the construction of two bioethanol production plants in Wissington and Kingston-upon-Hull. See http://www.eib.org/projects/loans/2006/20060389.htm. 93 Up to 60 million euros loan for the construction and operation of a bioethanol plant in Torrelavega. See http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2009/20090741.htm. 94 See generally J. W. van Gelder, “German and multilateral financial institutions in the bioenergy sector” Platform Sustainable Biomass (April 2009), p. 14. 95 http://www.ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/energyTech.aspx 96 J. Franco, L. Levidow, D. Fig, L. Goldfarb, M. Hönicke & M. L. Mendonça, “Assumptions in the European Union biofuels policy: frictions with experiences in Germany, Brazil and Mozambique“ 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies 661 (2010), p. 663-664. 97 It appears from the EBFTP’s website http://www.biofuelstp.eu/overview.html. This point is also made in J. Franco, L. Levidow, D. Fig, L. Goldfarb, M. Hönicke & M. L. Mendonça, “Assumptions in the European Union biofuels policy: frictions with experiences in Germany, Brazil and Mozambique“ 37(4) Journal of Peasant Studies 661 (2010), p. 663. 98 Anna Jung, Philipp Dörrenberg, Anna Rauch, and Michael Thöne, “Biofuels – at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the European Union – 2010 Update” Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (July 2010), p. 13. 99 J. W. van Gelder, P. Spaargaren and R. Herre, “German investment funds involved in land grabbing” FIAN Germany (2010), p. 11; J. W. van Gelder, “German and multilateral financial institutions in the bioenergy sector” Platform Sustainable Biomass (April 2009), p. 31. 136
100 Merian Research and CRBM, “The Vultures of Land Grabbing: The involvement of European financial companies in large-scale land acquisition abroad“, report for BWP, CRBM, CCFD, EURODAD, GLOPOLIS and WEED, p. 7. See also Damian Carrington and Stefano Valentino, “Biofuels boom in Africa as British firms lead rush on land for plantations“, The Guardian online, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/may/31/biofuel-plantationsafrica-british-firms (31 May 2011). which mentions: “Expansion of the biofuels industry has been fuelled by capital raised on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange.” 101 D. Pentzlin, R. Tansey, P. de Clerk and H. Burley, “Farming Money: How European banks and private finance profit from food speculation and land grabs” Friends of the Earth Europe (January 2012); J. W. van Gelder, “German and multilateral financial institutions in the bioenergy sector” Platform Sustainable Biomass (April 2009), p. 31. 102 See generally D. Mitchell, Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities, Prospects, and Challenges (The World Bank, 2011), chapter 6. Some examples can also be found on Rocio A Diaz-Chavez, “Mapping food and bioenergy in Africa” Report for FARA (May 2010), p. 12 – 15 or Marie- Hélène Dabat, “Les nouveaux investissements dans les agrocarburants : Quels enjeux pour les agricultures africaines ?” 237 Afrique contemporaine 97 (2011), p. 100 – 101. See also generally K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of African lands for energy and food: implications for land rights, food security and smallholders” in P. B. Matondi and al., Biofuels, land grabbing and food security in Africa, Zed Books (Uppsala: 2011), p. 70-71. 103 Taye Assefa (ed.), Digest of Ethiopia's national policies, strategies and programs, Forum for Social Studies (Addis Ababa: 2008), p. 226 – 228. 104 Marie-Hélène Dabat, “Les nouveaux investissements dans les agrocarburants : Quels enjeux pour les agricultures africaines ?” 237 Afrique contemporaine 97 (2011), p. 101. 105 Friends of the Earth Europe, “Africa: up for grabs“ (June 2010), p. 4. 106 See http://www.faber-abref.org/index_anglais.php 107 http://www.faber-abref.org/objectif.php, author’s translation. 108 Marie-Hélène Dabat, “Les nouveaux investissements dans les agrocarburants : Quels enjeux pour les agricultures africaines ?” 237 Afrique contemporaine 97 (2011), p. 100. 109 T. Kachika, “Land grabbing in Africa: A Review of the Impacts and the Possible Policy Responses” Oxfam International Pan Africa Programme (2011), p. 25. 110 M. Dia, “Rapport d’étude de cas de sociétés italiennes s’adonnant à la culture du jatropha” Conseil National de Concertation et de Coopération des Ruraux (January 2012). 111 The Oakland Institute, “Country Report: Mali” Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa (2011). 112 M. Goïta, “Accaparement des terres, un virus dans le fruit de la souveraineté alimentaire en Afrique de l’ouest : le cas de l’Office du Niger au Mali” Institut de Recherche et de Promotion des Alternatives en Développement (IRPAD) (October 2010). 113 P. Burnod, H. Papazian, A. Adamczewski, P-M. Bosc, J-P. Tonneau, and J-Y. Jamin “Régulations des investissements agricoles à grande échelle : Études de Madagascar et du Mali” 237 Afrique contemporaine (2011). 114 The Oakland Institute, op. cit., p. 6. 115 The Oakland Institute, op. cit., p. 1. 116 P. Burnod, H. Papazian, A. Adamczewski, P-M. Bosc, J-P. Tonneau, and J-Y. Jamin, op. cit., p. 113 and The Oakland Institute, op. cit., p. 24. 117 The Oakland Institute, op. cit., p. 15. 118 The Oakland Institute, op. cit., p. 7-8. 119 M. Goïta, op. cit. 137
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(BIO)FUELING INJUSTICE? Europe’s
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Executive summary Adding value to t
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The EU has various strategic intere
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or animal feed is turned over to gr
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Methodology: combining authoritativ
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Detailed recommendations To the EU
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d. Support sustainable small-scale
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plans, so that biofuels mandates an
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5.2. Linking Europe biofuel policie
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List of boxes, figures and tables T
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RAI Principles for responsible agri
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ange of recent sources, including f
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2. The evolution since 2010: the ri
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2.2. A growing opposition Faced wit
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Commonwealth Development Corporatio
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Mozambique 10% ethanol and 5% biodi
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- standards for distribution of bio
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To summarise, the EU and its Member
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4. Case studies Three case studies
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squirrels which damaged between 60%
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not, or not adequately, consulted,
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The Markala Sugar Project will also
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Peasants’ Conference against Land
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unit is “currently providing majo
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5. How European biofuel policies dr
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iofuels between 2003 and 2006 (6.6
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iofuels production should thus alwa
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ecological and social impacts in pr
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occur in these regions.” 232 Howe
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5.2.4. Making land a bankable inves
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6. The social, human rights and env
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While agrofuel related crops are gr
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should be remarked however that the
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project”. In particular, the repo
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it has nevertheless been shown abov
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deductions to the company.” 348 G
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mechanisms in African countries to
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specialised in EU affairs suggests
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climate change in June or July 2012
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sometimes partial. 418 The findings
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Another argument of the EU for its
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8. The EU and EU Member States’ v
Page 85 and 86: However, whereas the Commission spe
Page 87 and 88: esources towards this goal. 479 Yet
Page 89 and 90: conclude with absolute certitude wh
Page 91 and 92: When potential negative impacts are
Page 93 and 94: Access to remedies ETO Principle 37
Page 95 and 96: 9.2. The way forward: EU and its Me
Page 97 and 98: Sources ActionAid and Friends of th
Page 99 and 100: European Commission and Joint Resea
Page 101 and 102: environmental data for the biofuels
Page 103 and 104: Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) o
Page 105 and 106: United Nations Special Rapporteur o
Page 107 and 108: AFRICAN NATIONAL OIL CORPORATI ON S
Page 109 and 110: ITAL SENEGAL SARL BBE SA (BERTOLA B
Page 111 and 112: LONHRO Agriculture (Subsidiary of L
Page 113 and 114: Annex III. Jatropha related project
Page 115 and 116: services delivery project of the Di
Page 117 and 118: Source: Africa Europe Faith and Jus
Page 119 and 120: GERMANY Flora EcoPower ETHIOPIA Oro
Page 121 and 122: Investor country SWEDEN Sekab UNITE
Page 123 and 124: SWEDISH SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania Lt
Page 125 and 126: KINGDOM BELGIUM Felisa Investor cou
Page 127 and 128: Finally, a number of cases studies
Page 129 and 130: political, economic and social back
Page 131 and 132: Endnotes 1 A. Graham, S. Aubry, R.
Page 133 and 134: 31 For an overview of the intrsumen
Page 135: 68 The Commission is preparing a "E
Page 139 and 140: 149 FIAN Germany, “Land Grabbing
Page 141 and 142: 193 C. Bowyer and B. Kretschmer,
Page 143 and 144: 230 J. W. van Gelder with L. German
Page 145 and 146: 264 P. B. Matondi and P. Mutopo,
Page 147 and 148: 298 L. Cotula, “Land deals in Afr
Page 149 and 150: 342 Bread for All, “Concerns of B
Page 151 and 152: 375 K. Havnenik, “Grabbing of Afr
Page 153 and 154: 419 E.g. “While inheritance laws
Page 155 and 156: 456 European Commission, “Increas
Page 157 and 158: international organisations” in J
Page 159 and 160: 521 United Nations Special Rapporte
Page 161: http://www.fian.org/resources/docum
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