Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 4 Economic threats to security Poverty and food security 84 Depression 93 Economic statecraft 95 Achieving global economic security 99 Key points 102 Notes 102 Recommended reading 102 Useful web links 103 83
ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY We have the means; we have the capacity to wipe hunger and poverty from the face of the Earth in our lifetime. We need only the will. President John F. Kennedy of the USA, World Food Congress, Washington, DC, October 1963 Poverty and food security The concept of human security accommodates the consideration of a wide range of threats to life, of which poverty is undoubtedly the most significant. Poverty kills directly in huge numbers, when people are unable to secure sufficient food to live, because they lack the economic means to purchase or produce it. Additionally, poverty is an underlying cause of human death by other security threats. As Thomas states, ‘the pursuit of human security must have at its core the satisfaction of basic material needs of all humankind. At the most basic level, food, shelter, education and health care are essential for the survival of human beings’ (Thomas 2000: 7). Satisfying the ‘basic material needs of humankind’ is not solely an economic task but it is, without doubt, principally achieved by the possession of money, personally and societally. Money is not the root of all of humanity’s ills nor the sole cause of starvation and hunger. On the one hand, droughts and other natural phenomena can disrupt the food supply, and on the other, it is possible to feed yourself without buying the food. Money, however, can be used to secure yourself against natural hazards and insure you against fluctuations in the food supply caused by either natural or economic disruptions. In addition, self-sufficiency in food production, either for individuals or states, is an increasingly difficult means of achieving security. Money, so the saying goes, ‘can’t buy you love’ but it can buy you a certain measure of that other of life’s most precious commodities, security. Table 4.1 illustrates the point that the wealthy of the world live longer while the poor die young. There is not a precise correlation between wealth and life expectancy but the match up, particularly at the bottom of the scale, is still striking. The world’s poorest people are also the world’s most insecure, epitomized by the plight of the people of Sierra Leone, bottom of both lists. The fact that there is more to survival than money is borne out by some anomalies in comparing income and life expectancy. Second to bottom in the life expectancy rankings is Angola, even though it is not among the world’s most poor states since the country is an oil and diamond producer. Chronic political instability and a long-running civil war are the principal factors behind the short lifespans of Angolans. At the other end of the scale, the prominence of gun crime in the USA is a factor in that country’s citizens having an average life expectancy not in line with its wealth. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to get over the limitations of judging development purely in economic terms, calculates a ‘Human Development Index’ to rank a country’s progress (UNDP 2002). This figure combines income, life expectancy and educational attainment to give a more thorough picture of how a state’s wealth is being utilized to the benefit of its people. Hence states which, for various reasons, do not utilize their resources for the benefit of all of their people, like Angola or higher up the scale like Saudi Arabia, are judged to be less 84
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY P
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY w
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY e
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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