Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such changes are slowly occurring. As with most of the areas of security considered in this book, the globalization of democracy and human rights offers hope for improving personal safety from accidents since more and more people are able to demand action from their governments. Studies have shown, for example, that the unionization of work forces increases human security in that countries, such as China, without independent trade unions tend to have higher numbers of accidents (Abrams 2001, Cheng 2003). 6 In addition, recent evidence points towards the development of a ‘union effect’ on safety at the global level. In 1997 work initiated by the WTO towards establishing ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards for health and safety management, alongside other ‘technical standards’ by which to harmonize the global trading environment, was abandoned in the face of intensive global lobbying led by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). The ICFTU campaigned, principally over the internet, for global standardsetting to be informed more by human safety than an economic rationale and so be coordinated by the ILO with its Union affiliations. This victory, of course, cannot disguise the fact that the WTO far outstrips the ILO in global influence, but it indicates that globalization is not entirely driven by corporate profit and that a future, more evolved form of the process may be a world in which human security is enhanced alongside the spoils of increased trade. • Most man-made accidents (transport, structural, industrial or personal) are avoidable and, therefore, political matters. • Most accidental deaths are linked to modern, industrialized living and are, to some extent, tolerated as inevitable. • Developed countries have established the capacity to contain accidents to some extent and Less Developed Countries now bear the greatest burden of such deaths. • Global policy on accidents has been subsumed by the rise of Economic Liberalism but demand for global safety standards, like those in developed countries, is growing through recognition that this is a global and not just a domestic matter. Key points 1 The death rate per kilometre travelled in the UK between 1986 and 1990 was four times greater for car travel than for rail travel. In previous years the disparity was far greater (Smith 2001: 325). Across Europe the death rate for road travel was three times that for rail travel in 1995 (WHO 2000a). 2 Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are not included in TACIS – they are covered by the more extensive PHARE programme of the EU. One non-former Soviet state, Mongolia, is included. 3 The ratifiers are Sweden (1994), Armenia (1996), Netherlands (1997), Colombia (1997), Brazil (2001), Saudi Arabia (2001) and Albania (2003). Notes 213
ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY 4 The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Pesticides and Chemicals in International Trade. For an analysis of this Convention see Hough (2000). 5 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. 6 Around 4000 workers per year in China die in mining accidents alone (Cheng 2003). Recommended reading Abrams, A. (2001) ‘A Short History of Occupational Health’, Journal of Public Health Policy 22(1): 34–80. Beck, U. (1999) World Risk Society, Cambridge: Polity. Green, J. (1997) Risk and Misfortune. The Social Construction of Accidents, London: UCL Press. Hough, P. (1998) The Global Politics of Pesticides. Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests, London: Earthscan (Chapter 4). Mitchell, J. (ed.) (1996) The Long Road to Recovery: Community Responses to Industrial Disaster, Tokyo, New York, Paris: UN University Press, http://www.unu.edu/unupress/ unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le00.htm (accessed 12.2.03). Smith, K. (2001) Environmental Hazards. Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster, London & New York: Routledge (Chapter 13). Useful web links International Atomic Energy Agency, ‘Convention on Nuclear Safety’: http://www.iaea. or.at/worldatom/Documents/Legal/nukesafety.shtml International Labour Organization: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/new/index.htm 214
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY We hav
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY 1990:
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY of the
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY paradi
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY statec
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Chapter 5 Social identity as a thre
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECU
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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Page 182 and 183: HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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Page 249 and 250: TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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Page 255 and 256: TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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Page 259 and 260: GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
Page 261 and 262: GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
Page 263 and 264: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
Page 265 and 266: BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
Page 267 and 268: BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
Page 269 and 270: BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
Page 271 and 272: BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
Page 273 and 274: BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
Page 275 and 276: BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
Page 277 and 278: Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
Page 279 and 280: INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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