Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 7 Health threats to security The globalization of ill health 154 The development of global health policy 160 The state securitization of health 170 The human securitization of health 171 The globalization of health security 173 Key points 176 Notes 177 Recommended reading 177 Useful web links 177 153
HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY This is a war, it has killed more people than has been the case in all previous wars. Former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, on the AIDS epidemic in South Africa in 2002 (The Economist 2002a: 69) The globalization of ill health Disease has long been the biggest threat of all to mankind and, despite the unrelenting advances of medical science, looks set to continue to be for the foreseeable future. The Black Death of the fourteenth century claimed more lives in five years than any military conflict before or since, while the great influenza epidemic of 1918–20 killed far more than the Great War that it closely followed. The ‘Plague of Justinian’, which started in sixth century Constantinople and then spread throughout the Mediterranean, was a classic ‘national security’ issue since it precipitated the fall of the Byzantine Roman Empire (McNeill 1989: 101–106). In addition, the threats posed by diseases, like some environmental problems, tend to be transnational and as such represent a security challenge not easily countered by a human race artificially sub-divided into independent, though not impervious, units. Today, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) represents a far greater threat to life than armed conflict for most sub-Saharan Africans and for many millions more in all of the inhabited continents of the world. As with famines and hunger, however, major epidemics and pandemics of diseases represent only dramatic periodic escalations of an underlying and persistent threat. Tables 7.1 and 7.2 give an indication of the scale of this threat, the greatest challenge of all to human security. By the end of the 1970s there was optimism that humanity’s war against disease was being won. Disease is an enemy of humanity which can probably never be entirely defeated, but in the decades which followed the Second World War a growing belief emerged that scientific and medical advances could eliminate many diseases and at least contain the others. The attack was led by the use of synthetic (organic) insecticides, following the 1939 discovery of dichloro- Table 7.1 The ten deadliest disease epidemics and pandemics of all time Epidemic/pandemic Location Date Death toll 1 Black Death World 1347–51 75 million 2 AIDS World 1981– 23 million 3 InfluenzaWorld 1918–20 21.64 million 4 Plague India 1896–1948 12 million 5 Typhus Eastern Europe 1914–15 3 million 6 ‘Plague of Justinian’ Eastern Mediterranean 541–90 ‘millions’ =7 CholeraWorld 1846–60 ‘millions’ =7 CholeraEurope 1826–37 ‘millions’ =7 CholeraWorld 1893–94 ‘millions’ 10 Smallpox Mexico 1530–45 up to 1 million Sources: Ash (2001: 31), UNAIDS (2002). 154
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY We hav
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY Table
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY govern
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY Develo
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY e f g
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY premie
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY 1990:
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY of the
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY paradi
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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