Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECURITY shades. The limitations of conventional approaches to Security Studies, which hold that significant threats come only from other states and that the Cold War was a period of peace, are surely exposed by the unparalleled human suffering resulting from twentieth-century politicide. Securing the individual – the <strong>global</strong> politics of human rights The notion of taking politico-legal steps to protect individuals other than one’s own nationals/citizens is relatively new in international affairs and is still a long way from being firmly established in international law. Fighting for the rights of others – humanitarian intervention Wars prompted by the abuse of another country’s citizens are a relatively recent historical development and still shrouded in controversy. Declaring war against a country for the mistreatment of one’s own nationals resident there is far more solidly established in international law. Perhaps the most liberal interpretation ever of this doctrine came in 1850 when the UK threatened Greece with war for a Greek mob’s attack on the home of Don Pacifico, a part-Gibraltarian and hence British subject. Table 5.4 presents a chronology of military interventions which have purported to have been inspired, at least partially, by the motivation of relieving the suffering of nationals distinct from the interveners. Differentiating between a humanitarian military action and one motivated by more traditional spurs of gain, self-defence or ideology is nearly always a difficult judgement. In all the listed cases one or more of these more familiar reasons to take up arms have been claimed by some observers to be the real cause of war. The legal basis for humanitarian intervention is a moot point and it has come in and out of fashion in international affairs over the last three centuries. Grotius, in the seventeenth century, considered rescuing imperilled non-nationals to come into the category of just war but it was not until the Concert of Europe era in the nineteenth century that the concept was put into practice. Humanitarian intervention, along with just war in general, fell out of favour amid the amoral realism of twentieth century state practice but rose to prominence again in the ‘New World Order’ that was heralded by the demise of the Cold War in 1990. Robertson provides a striking illustration of this by contrasting the UK government’s enthusiasm for the 1991 ‘Safe Havens’ action in Iraq and the 1999 Kosovan War with a Foreign Office assertion in 1986 that: ‘contemporary legal opinion comes down against the existence of a right of humanitarian intervention’ (Robertson 2000: 401). 4 Despite more frequent recourse to it in recent years, humanitarian intervention remains a highly contentious concept in International Relations since it challenges that fundamental underpinning of the Westphalian system, state sovereignty. International law is unclear on the issue. The UN Charter appears both to proscribe and prescribe the practice. Articles 2.4 and 2.7 uphold the importance of sovereignty 117
SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECURITY Table 5.4 Notable ‘humanitarian interventions’ in history Intervention Interveners Humanitarian spur Greece (Ottoman Empire)1827 France, UK and Russia Turkish massacre of Greeks Lebanon (Ottoman Empire)1860 France Massacre of Christians by Druze Serbia, Montenegro, Russia Massacres of Bulgarians by Turkish Bosnia-Herzegovina, Romania partisans and Bulgaria (Ottoman Empire) 1877–78 Cuba (Spanish Empire)1898 USA Atrocities against Cubans by Spanish colonialists Macedonia (Ottoman Empire) Bulgaria, Greece and Oppression of Christians by Turks 1905 Serbia and nationalist violence Congo 1960–64 1. Belgium, 2. UN, Civil war and massacres following 3. Belgium and USA independence (from Belgium) Dominican Republic 1965 USA Protect foreign citizens from new military dictatorship East Pakistan 1971 India Pakistani genocide against breakaway region (Bangladesh) Zaire 1978 France and Belgium Massacres of civilians by antigovernment guerillas Cambodia 1978 Vietnam ‘Autogenocide’ of various sections of own people by Khmer Rouge government Uganda 1979 Tanzania Expulsions, massacres and human rights abuses against ethnic minorities and opponents Central African Republic France Overthrow of Bokassa government 1979 responsible for massacres of civilians Grenada 1983 USA and Organization Protect foreign citizens after military of East Caribbean coup States Panama 1989 USA Protect foreign citizens in civil unrest Liberia 1990–97 1. Nigeria 2. ECOWAS Restore order amid Civil War Iraq 1991 UN Protect Kurds in North and ‘Marsh Arabs’ in South from government massacres Yugoslavia 1992 UN Protect Bosnian Moslems from Serb massacres 118
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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Page 170 and 171: Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
Page 172 and 173: HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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Page 178 and 179: HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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