Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACTORS them abandoning the use of military power. Extensive empirical research, led by Gurr, comparing conflict resolution during and after the Cold War gives some scope for optimism in this regard. ‘Conflicts over self-determination are being settled with ever-greater frequency, usually when ethnic groups gain greater autonomy and power-sharing within states’ (Gurr et al. 2001: ‘highlights’). At the global level equitable facilities to address grievances, such as a responsible UN Security Council with clear provision for dealing with civil conflict and the International Criminal Court, can perform a similar service if permitted to do so. Set against a functioning and just global polity, unjust non-state grievances, or grievances which persist in using unjust means, will be more easily identified as such and be able to be singled out for concerted global action, political or military, of the sort traditionally reserved for unlawfully aggressive states. The perpetuation of sovereignty as a sacred political concept beyond its practical existence serves to obscure the simple fact that war is war whatever communities the combatants purport to represent. International cooperation has done much to lessen the recourse to military action by states and, given the opportunity, it can have the same effect for non-state actors. International law can directly target globally operating groups and individuals through implementing effective travel bans and freezing their bank accounts in a way that state legislation or war cannot. The same increased inter-connectedness of the modern world that has breathed life into political non-state violence can also help to suffocate it. • The term ‘terrorism’ is typically applied to non-state political violence but this is analytically unhelpful since states frequently terrorize their own and other states’ citizens. • Political non-state violence has been dominated by three types; nationalist, Marxist and religious. • A range of tactics have been used by governments to combat threats of this kind, with no clear consensus on the most effective. • Political non-state violence is now far more common and persistent than stateto-state conflict, suggesting that greater recourse to negotiated solutions is required, however unpalatable this may be for governments. Key points 1 ‘Non-combatants’ is taken to include off-duty or unarmed troops. 2 As published in the Financial Times October 10 2001. 3 This episode was pre-emptively satired in the Hollywood film Wag the Dog. 4 Cuba were the only state to vote against the General Assembly Resolution. Notes 81
MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACTORS Recommended reading Gurr, T., Marshall, M. and Khosla, D. (2001) Peace and Conflict 2000. A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-determination Movements and Democracy, Maryland: Center for International Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM). Halliday, F. (2002) Two Hours That Shook the World. September 11, 2001: Causes and Consequences, London: Saqi. Kegley, C. (ed.) (1990) International Terrorism. Characteristics, Causes, Controls, New York: St Martins Press. Wilkinson, P. (2001) Terrorism versus Democracy. The Liberal State Response, London: Frank Cass. Useful web links US State Department Counterterrorism Office: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/ Terrorism Research Centre: http://www.terrorism.com/ University of St Andrews Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/academic/intrel/research/cstpv/ 82
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECU
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY P
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY w
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY e
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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