Understanding global security - Peter Hough
Understanding global security - Peter Hough
Understanding global security - Peter Hough
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECURITY<br />
Table 5.5 Key developments in human rights law<br />
1815 Congress of Vienna The ‘Concert of Europe’ powers agreed to end the slave<br />
trade<br />
1864 1st Geneva Convention First of series of conventions giving legal protection to<br />
wounded or surrendered individual combatants in war<br />
and to non-combatants<br />
1890 Brussels Convention on Outlawed the slave trade<br />
Slavery<br />
1901 International Labour Office Origins of notion of universal workers rights. Not highly<br />
workplace standards influential but paved the way for the creation of the<br />
International Labour Organization in 1919 as part of<br />
the League of Nations system<br />
1919 League of Nations Minorities The League did not develop a systematic human rights<br />
Section created<br />
regime but made guaranteeing the right of national<br />
minorities a condition of membership for some states and<br />
condemned state discrimination against minorities in the<br />
PCIJ Minority Schools in Albania 1935 case and other<br />
Advisory Opinions<br />
1926 Slavery Convention Made slavery itself (in addition to slave trading) illegal<br />
1946 United Nations Commission Authorized by Article 68 of the UN Charter, the<br />
on Human Rights established Commission worked on wording a Declaration. A<br />
full-time Commissioner of Human Rights was initiated<br />
by the 1993 Vienna Convention<br />
1948 Universal Declaration of Declaration adopted by the UN General Assembly<br />
Human Rights<br />
establishing a Bill of Rights for the world comprising<br />
30 short articles of mainly Civil and Political<br />
rights<br />
1948 Convention on the Prevention The convention proscribed acts which aim to ‘destroy in<br />
and Punishment of<br />
whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial or religious<br />
Genocide<br />
group’. This legislation was reinforced by 1951 ICJ<br />
declaration that genocide is a crime in customary<br />
international law (i.e. binding on all states regardless<br />
of whether they ratified the convention)<br />
1951 Refugee Convention Makes it illegal for a receiving state to deport a<br />
refugee to a country where they are likely to be<br />
persecuted<br />
1966 Covenants on (i) Economic, The legal machinery to implement the Universal<br />
Social and Cultural Rights Declaration came in two instruments. ESCR lists<br />
and (ii) Civil and Political entitlements individuals can expect from their states (such<br />
Rights<br />
as work and education). CPR lists individual freedoms<br />
against the state (such as free speech)<br />
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