Understanding global security - Peter Hough

NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY
Avalanches/landslides
Sudden mass movements of snow and ice down a mountainside, known as avalanches,
can kill by directly smothering people in a valley or, more commonly, by
destroying buildings. ‘Wet’ snow avalanches, which usually occur in spring when
mountain snows begin to melt, tend to be the most destructive. The biggest ever
avalanche disaster occurred in Peru in 1970 when nearly all of the 20,000 inhabitants
of Yungay were killed when an earthquake triggered a wet ‘slab avalanche’ of ice
and glacial rock to fall down the side of the country’s highest mountain, Nevado
Huascaran. Airborne powder-snow avalanches are less hazardous but can also kill as
they are frequently preceded by avalanche winds which can cause houses to explode
as a result of rapid changes in air pressure (Whittow 1984: 45).
Landslides are a common knock-on effect of other geothermal and meteorological
phenomena and are sometimes man-made, but can occur independently by
the natural process of gravity acting on soil and rock accumulated on a hillside.
Typically, rainwater is the catalyst for this process. Heavy rains associated with
Hurricane Mitch in 1998 prompted a massive slide of debris dislodged from the Casita
Volcano in Nicaragua, destroying two towns and claiming around 2500 lives.
Extreme temperatures
Both ‘heat waves’ and ‘cold waves’ can kill. A record 3028 people died in India in 1998
as a result of excessively hot temperatures, whereas 275 Indians perished six years
earlier because of excessive cold (Jendritsky 1999). Excessive cold represents
the first and excessive heat the second biggest annual cause of death by natural
hazards in the USA (Kunkel et al. 1999). Short-term dramatic rises in temperature
can kill through heat stroke, and cold waves can kill directly by hypothermia or
frostbite. Most cold wave deaths, however, are caused indirectly as a result of power
lines freezing or heavy snow crushing dwellings.
Tsunamis
The Japanese term tsunami (meaning literally ‘harbour wave’) is the more correct
term for what are still sometimes referred to as ‘tidal waves’. These giant sea waves
are not produced by tides but by seismic activity such as volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes. Tsunami have a wavelength of between 100 and 150 kilometres (around
100 times the size of an ordinary sea wave) and can travel hundreds of kilometres
at speeds ranging between 640 and 960 km/h. On the high seas, however, they can
be very difficult to detect since their height may be no more than a metre (Whittow
1984: 554). The most devastating tsunami in history occurred as a result of the 1883
eruption of a volcano on the small island of Krakatoa (one of the largest eruptions in
history) in Indonesia when 36,500 people were drowned in coastal towns on the
nearby islands of Java and Sumatra (Bernard 1999). The most deadly of recent
tsunami occurred on the North coast of Papua New Guinea in 1998 when 2182 people
died (NGDC 2002) as a result of an earthquake-generated wave.
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