Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY of 120 different faiths and produced a declaration drafted by Kung (a German Catholic theologian). In the declaration two principles were espoused as universal: (1) every human should be treated humanely, (2) people should behave towards others as they would expect them to behave towards them. From this, more precise moral guidelines can be deduced, such as non-violence and respect for life, solidarity and just economic order, tolerance and truthfulness and equal rights between men and women (Kung and Kuschel 1993, Kim 1999). Good global governance, that which enhances human security, requires the restoration of the natural equilibrium between human actions and the ethics that guide them. This necessitates positive action to ‘identify’ the missing norms, which are in the interests of all but obscured from view. This is distinct from the imposition of normative standards since inclusiveness is a prerequisite for allowing the normative dialogue to grow. Those who consider a political system to be fundamentally unjust will resist even the imposition of just norms. By identifying the common denominators of mutually beneficial living, the functionalist imperative can be reactivated and good governance can evolve. Most democratic states needed some sort of push of this form, such as the codification of a constitution or a bill of rights, to assist in the evolution of gradually more just political systems. An important point here is to recognize that the ‘creation’ of normative ideas and principles today can affect future human behaviour. Even ‘rational egoists’ are less likely to overturn moral norms once they are established, unless for compelling tyrannical reasons, which will then be clearly understood as such (Keohane 2002: 259). If amoral action is against the norm it is less easily resorted to, even by the instinctively amoral actor. Reputation is important in international politics. Over the last 50 years governments gradually have less frequently violated global human rights standards or resorted to unjust wars because of the implications for their standing in the world. Similarly, MNCs have begun to act in a more socially and environmentally responsive manner through fear of the effects of naming and shaming and a general recognition that the moral climate in which they operate is changing. Human rights and justice cannot be undone as quickly as they are evolving so long as they are understood as the rights of all humanity and justice for all. To ensure this there is compelling evidence that global spillover needs to be ‘cultivated’, as neo-functionalists advocated for European integration as a means of getting over the ‘national interest’ barrier to the evolution of mutual interests. The logic of functionalism could then be reactivated and the needs of people better met. Understanding how global security can be enhanced depends on it. • The present state system is inadequate for the satisfaction of human security. • Political integration at the regional level marks a recognition of the limitations of the state in satisfying human needs and this logic is now applicable at the global level. • The current growth in global governance is not meeting human security needs because it is skewed by the fact that economic liberalization is advancing at a greater rate than global policy formulated purely in the human interest. Key points 239
TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A restoration of the natural balance between human ethics and actions in global policy, by the promotion of more ‘rounded’ globalization, would enhance global solidarity and permit the advancement of human security. Notes 1 A founding member of the pressure group Médecins Sans Frontières, former health minister in the French government and head of the UN’s civil administration in Kosovo. 2 Former Prime Minister of the Netherlands and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Recommended reading Deacon, B., Hulse, M. and Stubbs, P. (1997) Global Social Policy. International Organizations and the Future of Welfare, London: Sage. Keohane, R. (2002) Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World, London & New York: Routledge. Kim, Y. (1999) A Common Framework for the Ethics of the 21st Century, Paris: UNESCO Division of Philosophy and Ethics. Mitrany, D. (1975) The Functional Theory of Politics, London: Robertson. Useful web links UNESCO: http://www.unesco.org/ Federal Union, ‘World Federalism’: http://www.federalunion.uklinux.net/world/ 240
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY We hav
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY govern
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY Develo
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY e f g
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY premie
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY 1990:
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY of the
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY paradi
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY statec
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Chapter 5 Social identity as a thre
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECU
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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Page 249 and 250: TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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Page 259 and 260: GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
Page 261 and 262: GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
Page 263 and 264: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
Page 265 and 266: BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
Page 267 and 268: BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
Page 269 and 270: BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
Page 271 and 272: BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
Page 273 and 274: BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
Page 275 and 276: BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
Page 277 and 278: Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
Page 279 and 280: INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
Page 281 and 282: INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
Page 283 and 284: INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
Page 285 and 286: INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
Page 287 and 288: INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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