Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 5 Social identity as a threat to security Societal security 106 Forms of violent discrimination 107 Securing the individual – the global politics of human rights 117 Key points 131 Notes 131 Recommended reading 132 Useful web links 132 105
SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECURITY I love my country far too much to be a nationalist (unknown) Societal security Undoubtedly the most influential idea to emerge from the conceptual widening of Security Studies in the 1990s by the Copenhagen School was that of societal security. This concept seeks to encapsulate the fact that the process of securitizing issues could sometimes be witnessed when what is thought to be being threatened is neither the state nor individuals within it, but a particular kind of society. ‘Societal security concerns the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats’ (Waever et al. 1993: 23). This security is threatened when ‘societies perceive a threat in identity terms’ (ibid). Hence the heightened political prominence given to the issue of immigration in many Western European countries in the 1990s could be construed as a securitizing of that issue, by nationals fearful of threats to their traditional values and customs. In many ways the 1990s did witness a resurgence in violent nationalism in the form of groups inspired by the self-preservation of their socially constructed nation (as opposed to the ‘nationalism’ of states pursuing self-advancing foreign policies). From the rise of far-right political parties and racist attacks in wealthy cosmopolitan democracies like France, Germany and Austria through to outright ethnic conflict in states beginning to embrace democracy like Yugoslavia, Moldova and Romania, Europe appeared to be awakening old spectres. This, added to earlier revivals in radical regionalism in Europe (such as Basque and Corsican separatist violence) and anti-western nationalism in some Islamic states, appeared to represent a new essentially societally driven dimension of security politics. In line with the other threats to security considered in this book, however, this chapter will focus on the existential security of individuals rather than considering how societies can be threatened. Issues such as the abandonment of a state currency in favour of monetary union with neighbouring countries or the cultural dominance of foreign films and food outlets may threaten many people’s notion of their societies but they are not, in themselves, life threatening. Globalization and integration are very important political topics in many ways and have framed the context of many security issues but they represent a separate dimension of the study of International Relations. Although this study favours a broad approach to the subject, security becomes too diluted a concept if cultural change is accommodated alongside matters of life and death. In addition, on an ontological level, social constructs make very awkward referent objects on which to base analysis. McSweeney makes this point in challenging the approach of the Copenhagen School. Societies, by definition, evolve and individual identities change with them, making any enquiry into challenges to identity problematic (McSweeney 1996). There may even be practical dangers inherent in this approach since the arbiters of what is society and who is threatening it will be likely to be those with the loudest voices in the ‘speech act’ of securitization. Frequently such people will be ultra-nationalist elites seeking to justify the exclusion of minority ‘others’. ‘Despite his liberal sensibilities, Buzan’s conceptualization of security provides him with no theoretical grounds for disputing, say, Radovan 106
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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