Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to security The rise of environmental issues in global politics 134 The environment and military security 142 Environmental issues themselves as threats to security 145 Towards ecological security? 150 Key points 151 Notes 152 Recommended reading 152 Useful web links 152 133
ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY We want the islands of Tuvalu, our nation, to exist permanently forever and not to be submerged underwater merely due to the selfishness and greed of the industrialised world. Saufatu Sopoanga, Prime Minister of Tuvalu, at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Sopoanga 2002) Security threats emanating from the ‘environment’ present humanity with a number of political dilemmas. First, the threats are usually less clear-cut and direct than the other types of threat considered in this study. They are, as Prins describes, ‘threats without enemies’ (Prins 2002: 107). The potential threat posed by issues like global warming and ozone depletion may be profound but they are still long-term creeping emergencies when set against imminent disasters and attacks. Second, countering the threats is usually costly and requires significantly compromising economic interests. Third, the threats can often only be countered by globally coordinated political action. The scale of the human security threat posed by environmental change is difficult to quantify but it is undoubtedly significant and, to a large extent, avoidable given the political will. Global warming and ozone depletion, in the main, represent massive potential threats to large proportions of humanity but have not yet come to rival other human security threats. In contrast, however, it has been estimated that between a quarter and a third of all deaths in the world by disease have environmental causes, such as air and water pollution (Smith et al. 1999: 573). Environmental threats, thus, are not just theoretical future scenarios of apocalypse, they are a ‘clear and present danger’. Some domestic political systems have evolved to a position where the first and second of the aforementioned dilemmas can be overcome. Pressure group advocacy and government learning have gradually led to long-termist policies being developed mitigating against threats to both human and non-human state residents. Environmental policies in Western Europe and North America have seen economic interests compromised to limit uncertain threats posed to human health and to wildlife. The third dilemma is, of course, beyond governments acting in isolation and is slowly coming to be addressed by an evolving global polity. Transnational pressure groups and scientific communities are simultaneously pushing governments to rethink the first and second dilemmas and provide the means for achieving the third. Central to this process is the slow but inexorable realization by governments that environmental threats are ‘real’ and the ‘national interest’ may not always serve their citizens’ interests. Political dilemmas can always be resolved when this is understood. The three dilemmas presented here are not, in fact, unique to environmental politics. For most states very similar compromises have been made in the name of military security, since military threats are usually not immediate and require great expense and international diplomatic cooperation to deter. Global political action is necessary for the enhancement of human security in all the issues considered in this study, but it is most crucial in the realm of environmental security. The rise of environmental issues in global politics Global environmental politics is a relatively ‘new’ dimension of international relations, and of politics in general, but that is not to say that problems of environmental change 134
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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