Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 11 Towards global security Thinking global: integration theories and global politics 232 Acting global: global solutions to global problems 234 Key points 239 Notes 240 Recommended reading 240 Useful web links 240 231
TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human security has become both a new measure of global security and a new agenda for global action. Safety is the hallmark of freedom from fear, while well-being is the target of freedom from want. Human security and human development are thus two sides of the same coin, mutually reinforcing and leading to a conducive environment for each other. (Human Security Network 1999) Thinking global: integration theories and global politics Understanding global security necessitates ridding oneself of the preconceptions rooted in the dominant political culture that the security under consideration must be that of states, as determined by states. In an age when people’s fates were inextricably linked to that of their governments, and the only significant cross-border interactions were military, diplomatic and economic exchanges between governments, this preconception was largely appropriate. This age has now passed into history, however, and the assumption that an individual’s life is solely determined by their government is anachronistic. People in the twentieth century were dependent on their governments like at no time before and like they will never be again. The diplomatic manoeuvrings of elected or self-appointed leaders did much to dictate the fate of a large proportion of the world’s population in the age of total war. Many millions died, many millions of others were saved by their governments from death at the hands of other governments. Many of those same people were more directly still at the mercy of their governments, who could determine whether or not to murder them in order to enhance their own security. War and politicide persist and the fates of many of the world’s people continue to be determined by politics ‘from above’, but this is far from the full picture. Strokes of fate from outside the traditional political world, like plagues, pestilence and disasters, determine, to a far greater extent, whether people live or die in today’s world. They also determined the fate of most people in yesterday’s world, although this was obscured by governmental preoccupation with human threats they knew how to deal with. This is no longer so, on both counts. External human threats have diminished and the capacity for governments to safeguard their people against nonhuman foes is also in decline. No life-threatening strokes of fate in today’s world are, in fact, from outside the realm of politics, even if they are outside the control of individual governments. Governments can imperil their own people without dragging them into wars against their interest or victimizing them for their own interests by failing to address, in concert with their fellow governments, global sources of human insecurity. Environmental degradation, transnational crime and infectious disease simply cannot be properly legislated against by a government acting in isolation. The September 11th 2001 al-Qa’ida strikes on the USA proved that military defence now comes into this category as well. Life-threatening poverty and vulnerability to disease and disaster can be insured against by some governments, but this can be to the detriment of the security of other states’ citizens. Economic cushioning, such as agricultural protectionism and exploitative market expansion, can come at the cost of the lives of those squeezed out. 232
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Chapter
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION promoti
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION securit
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION As stat
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION In this
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION The wor
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Chapter 2 Military threats to secur
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MILITARY THREATS TO SECURITY FROM S
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MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACT
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY We hav
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY Table
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY govern
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY Develo
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY e f g
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY premie
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY 1990:
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY of the
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY paradi
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ECONOMIC THREATS TO SECURITY statec
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Chapter 5 Social identity as a thre
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECU
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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Page 259 and 260: GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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Page 263 and 264: BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
Page 265 and 266: BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
Page 267 and 268: BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
Page 269 and 270: BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
Page 271 and 272: BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
Page 273 and 274: BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
Page 275 and 276: BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
Page 277 and 278: Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
Page 279 and 280: INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
Page 281 and 282: INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
Page 283 and 284: INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
Page 285 and 286: INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
Page 287 and 288: INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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