Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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Chapter 3 Military threats to security from non-state actors One man’s terrorist . . . 62 Types of political non-state military groups 63 The rise and rise of political non-state violence 68 State responses to political non-state violence 72 Global responses to political non-state violence 79 Key points 81 Notes 81 Recommended reading 82 Useful web links 82 61
MILITARY THREATS FROM NON-STATE ACTORS Due to the imbalance of power between our armed forces and the enemy forces, a suitable means of fighting must be adopted, i.e. using fast-moving, light forces that work under complete secrecy. In other words, to initiate a guerrilla war, where the sons of the nation, and not the military forces, take part in it. Osama bin Laden 1996 (O’Neill 2001) One man’s terrorist . . . ‘Terrorism’ is, perhaps, the most contentious term in political science. Literally hundreds of definitions have been coined by scholars and practitioners of politics without any clear consensus on how best to articulate what is undoubtedly a significant phenomenon. Schmid in 1983 listed 109 distinct definitions (Schmid 1983). From 1983 the following definition has been used by the US State Department: ‘premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience’ (USA 1983). 1 Curiously, this definition would not classify attacks by subnational groups against active but not in-battle US servicemen, such as in the Lebanon in 1982, as terrorist strikes. The definition does, however, capture the essence of the phenomenon we have witnessed as a major issue of global security since the late 1960s; that of political violence waged by non-state actors. The 1968 hijacking of an aeroplane by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine initiated an era of regular conflict between states and non-state actors in Israel–Palestine and on many other fronts throughout the world. Non-state groups had taken on states before 1968 and left their mark on history. Assasinations of state leaders have a long history and the First World War was sparked by the shooting by a Serb nationalist group of the prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was from the late 1960s, however, that unorthodox military violence became more routine and increasingly targeted a wider audience than prominent individuals. The term terrorism is, though, an unhelpful one to use in describing this phenomenon since it is so value-laden. Terrorism, clearly, is a pejorative word. It is a word bandied about in conflict situations in order to contrast one side’s legitimate killing to another side’s illegitimate killing. Most frequently this will be by state forces against non-state forces since, in international law, state violence can be legal whereas non-state violence never can. Clearly, however, ‘terror’ is something that can be inflicted on people by governments as well as by non-state actors. Nazi genocide, Stalin’s purges and the ‘killing fields’ of the Khmer Rouge are among the numerous examples of this. At the same time, violent non-state struggles often come to be seen by states as legitimate, such as the African National Congress (ANC)’s democratic revolution in South Africa. Hence the oft-quoted maxim, ‘one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter’. Consider the US government’s terrorism definition minus the clause ‘subnational groups or clandestine agents’. The definition now describes perfectly the defence policy of most powerful states, and certainly the USA, in the ‘total war’ era of the twentieth century. The blanket bombing of civilians in the Second World War and the very essence of nuclear weapons strategy were/are based on ‘premeditated, 62
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Understanding Global Security Globa
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For Lisa, Daisy and Rosie First pub
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CONTENTS 3 Military threats to secu
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CONTENTS Key points 229 Recommended
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Tables 1.1 Fears of individuals liv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Frances Say, for l
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ACRONYMS FARC GAVI GDP GHS GOARN GP
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Chapter 1 Security and securitizati
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION Classic
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION interes
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SECURITY AND SECURITIZATION on the
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SOCIAL IDENTITY AS A THREAT TO SECU
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Chapter 6 Environmental threats to
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY a
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY B
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY D
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY
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Chapter 7 Health threats to securit
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY accompan
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Global e
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Table 7.
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY World He
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Box 7.1
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY continue
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY of minim
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The rece
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY The glob
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY Greater
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HEALTH THREATS TO SECURITY • Glob
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY We cann
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY 2 Updra
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Avalanc
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY of hydr
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Better
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY correla
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Humanit
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY Conclus
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NATURAL THREATS TO SECURITY relief
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Chapter 9 Accidental threats to sec
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Howe
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Tita
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY in t
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Prop
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY the
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nucl
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ACCIDENTAL THREATS TO SECURITY Such
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Chapter 10 Criminal threats to secu
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY When I
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY also r
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY Nearly
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY fully-
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY of dec
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY ration
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CRIMINAL THREATS TO SECURITY • In
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY Human secur
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY selected de
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY states, rav
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY liberalism
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TOWARDS GLOBAL SECURITY • A resto
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GLOSSARY Fourth World the least dev
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GLOSSARY their dominance of interna
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashdown, P. (2001) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Davis, M. and Gray, C.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Haas, P. (1989) ‘Do
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Koivusalo, M. and Olli
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Natsios, A. (1999) ‘
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schweller, R. (2001)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Werner, D. (2001) ‘W
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Index Abbasi, K. 169, 170 Abrams, A
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INDEX cold waves 184 collective sec
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INDEX Global Outbreak and Alert Res
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INDEX Lee, K. 235 legislation as re
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INDEX Partnership for Peace 52 Peet
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INDEX trade: crime and 222; disease
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Understanding global security - Peter Hough

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