Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Final energy demand or consumption considers the efficiency of building services on site but not the efficiency of energy generated off-site (e.g. production mix of electricity, of local or district heating, combined heat and power, regional small hydro or wind power plants,…). Building-related losses for electricity are 0%, but may rise up to 65% considering electricity generation and distribution. The next step is to include the losses outside the building and the building site with all difficulties of elaboration and evaluation of primary energy factors for electricity, local district heating, etc. with respect to different providers and remarkable country-specific and regional differences in the production-mix. Approximately the same final energy demand is needed if water is heated by gas condensing boilers or electricity (supplied by the grid) whereas the primary energy efficiency differs considerably: Natural gas production and distribution to final consumers result in 10 % losses, the average German electricity production mix, however, causes 65 % conversion and distribution losses resulting 35 % primary energy efficiency for electricity versus 90 % energy efficiency for natural gas. 14 The different calorific values of energy carriers are not yet considered in the indicator “final energy demand”, but influence the amount of fuels and storage capacity needed. Primary energy demand (total / renewable / non renewable) As shown above important up-stream processes of energy generation are not directly connected with the building, but have to be considered in order to avoid distorted assessment results. Primary energy is energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process. It is energy contained in raw fuels as well as other forms of energy received as input to a system. Examples of primary energy sources are: - Biomass - Fossil fuels - Geothermal energy - Hydro energy - Nuclear fuels - Solar energy - Tidal energy - Wave energy - Wind energy If primary energy demand is calculated for a building, all processes of energy generation, transportation and distribution losses both inside and outside the building are summarized. From ecological as well as energy supply view regarding the primary energy and its distinction into renewable and non-renewable resources, not primarily the total amount is the significant figure which has to be lowered, but the non-renewable share (provided that 14 Source: Brischke, L.A., Rationelle Energienutzung in elektrischen Anwendungen. In: Pehnt, M., Energieeffizienz, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2010) Final Report 50 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings energy saving measures are already implemented with respect to the useful and final energy demand of buildings). Energy saving has always priority over the use of renewable energies, as energy which need not be supplied is ranking higher than energy generated by regenerative sources. Limitation of primary energy has to be considered with respect to exhaustible resources and the maintenance of non-renewable resources for future generations. Biomass-based energy resources are considered as energy resources with low non-renewable, but high renewable primary energy content. Therefore, it is insufficient to assess primary energy without a clear division into renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Low primary energy factors (e.g. heating oil) are the result of high energy intensity of the considered energy carrier, high primary energy factors are caused by elaborate technological upstream processes (e.g. electricity from coal-fired power plants). The total primary energy factor for wood is similar to coal or heating oil. If only the nonrenewable part is considered the primary energy factor decreases significantly to 0.2 taking into account diesel use for wood processing, etc. Primary energy factors vary depending on calculation methods and allocation models but the ranking of energy carriers is similar as the comparison of two sources applicable for the German market shows. 15 Table 11: Primary energy factors (cited in EN 15603, Source: Oekoinventare für Energiesysteme – ETH Zürich): Primary energy factors f p Non renewable Total Heating oil 1.35 1.35 Natural gas 1.36 1.36 Anthracite coal 1.19 1.19 Brown coal 1.40 1.40 Coke 1.53 1.53 Wood chips 0.06 1.06 Wood 0.09 1.09 Beech wood 0.07 1.07 Fir wood 0.10 1.10 Electricity – hydropower plant 0.50 1.50 Primary energy factors f p Non renewable Total Electricity – nuclear power plant 2.80 2.80 Electricity – coal-fired power plant 4.05 4.05 Electricity – UCTE mix 3.14 3.31 15 Conversion factors especially for electricity generation are controversially discussed as the production mix varies substantially in different European countries and is highly dependent on the specific provider which can easily be changed by consumers. Furthermore, on-going improvements in the energy sector lead to significant changes in the mixture of energy supply which should be taken into account in the calculation of primary energy factors. Consistent conversion factors can only refer to an average production mix of electricity (or even oil extraction and production) within a region considered (e.g. EU or EU member state) being aware of the inaccuracy of data collection and current changes in power supply. Using primary energy demand as one of the main indicators for building assessment systems one must be aware that besides buildings’ specifications also the quality of the whole energy sector is rated. Final Report 51 31 03 2011
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Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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