Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Table 13: Main indicators after the implementation of energy performance certificates with focus on Central Europe (status 2008) (complemented excerpt) Methodology Main indicators Graphical display Calculated values metered values Heating energy demand Final energy Primary energy CO2 Weighted factor Artificial factor Energy Costs Energy classes Speedometer Austria x x (x) A ++ G Belgium x x 1 (x) x 5 (x) x 5 A + G x Czech Republic x x A G Denmark x (x) x (x) A1 G France x 2 x 2 x x A I Germany x 3 x 3 x x x Great Britain x x 1 (x) x 6 x 6 A G Luxembourg x x x x A I Netherlands x x 7 A ++ G Sweden x x 4 8 classes x 1 Belgium (Flemish Region), Great Britain: metering results only for public buildings, all other building types calculated values x 2 France: for residential buildings depending on age and heating system calculated or metered values are used x 3 Germany: the owner of existing buildings has the free choice between calculation based or metered figures (except for residential buildings with less than five flats) x 4 Sweden: does not include electrical appliances x 5 Belgium: depending on type of certificate and Region x 6 Great Britain: depending on type of certificate x 7 NL: artificial factor shall avoid discussions about the difference between the calculated energy demand and the metered energy, consumed by the user later on (x) indicated, but not rated Energy classes according to the European energy classes of household appliances Speedometer: the actual value and the benchmark is shown graphically on a linear scale EPBD Recast 2010 On 18 May 2010 a recast (2010/31/EC) of the Directive on energy performance of buildings (2002/91/EC) was adopted in order to strengthen the energy performance requirements and to clarify some of its provisions to achieve the following climate protection goals. - reduction of the European Union’s total energy consumption by 20 % by 2020 - reduction of overall greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20 % below 1990 levels until 2020 and 30 % in the event of an international agreement being reached Final Report 54 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings - 20 % share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 20 The EU directive requires that all EU Member States endorse national plans and targets in order to promote the uptake of close to zero-energy buildings. Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zeroenergy buildings. Intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings have to be implemented by 2015. ‘Nearly zero-energy buildings’ are not defined in detail in the recast of EPBD 2010 (apart from “a building that has a very high energy performance” Article 2, paragraph 2) as national, local and regional conditions differ. Indeed a great variety of high energy performance building concepts are used throughout Europe. Definition of “nearly zero-energy buildings” a) Passive house One of the first integrated concepts was the “Passivhaus” construction standard which has been developed in Germany in the late 90ies of the last century. Its initiator Dr. Feist (Passive House Institute Darmstadt) describes the concept as follows: “The key components are excellent insulation and high airtightness of the thermal envelope of a building, avoidance of thermal bridges and highly efficient heat recovery from exhaust air. A conventional heating system is superfluous due to the combined use of internal and solar heat gains. The passive house concept leads to the highest degree of comfort with minimal energy consumption.” (IBO, Details for Passive Houses, 2009) The annual heating requirement is limited to 15 kWh/m²a and the primary energy requirement to 120 kWh/m²a (including heating, domestic hot water, ventilation, and all other electrical appliances). A building envelope fulfilling the passive house standard is the ideal basis for a zero or plus energy building. Besides the definition of passive houses as highly insulated buildings without conventional heating systems propagated in Central and Northern Europe, in the southern regions (e.g. Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece) a passive house is defined as a building using passive technologies to reduce especially the energy requirement during the summer period. The following definitions of zero and energy positive houses are cited from the info note of the EU commission “Low Energy Buildings in Europe: Current State of Play, Definitions and Best Practice” (Brussels, 2009), http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/doc/buildings/info_note.pdf b) Zero energy houses / zero carbon houses “The specificity of a zero energy house / zero carbon house is that the remaining energy needs are entirely covered with renewable or carbon free energy sources. A house with zero net energy consumption annually can be autonomous from the energy grid supply, but in 20 Renewable non-fossile energy sources are wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases (Directive 2010/31/EU, article 2, paragraph 6). Final Report 55 31 03 2011
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