Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Table 12: Primary energy factors according to DIN 18599-1 (2009-10) Primary energy factor (non renewable) fp Primary energy factor (total) fp Heating oil 1.1 1.1 Natural gas 1.1 1.1 Liquid gas 1.1 1.1 Anthracite coal 1.1 1.1 Brown coal 1.2 1.2 Wood 0.2 1.2 District heating – 70% CHP (fossil) 0.7 0.7 District heating – 70% CHP (renew.) 0.0 0.7 District heating – heat plant (fossil) 1.3 1.3 District heating – heat plant (renew.) 0.1 1.3 Electricity 2.6 3.0 Ambient heat / Solar 0.0 1.0 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Main environmental impact of combusting non-renewable resources like fossil fuels is their substantial contribution to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels emit on average ten times more greenhouse gases than renewable energies. Within the European Union, the building sector is currently responsible for 40 % of all energy consumption and 36 % of total CO 2 emissions, a major part are residential buildings. Due to political target values (Kyoto Protocol and following arrangements) and despite of uncertainties in calculation methods, Global Warming Potential (GWP) – quantifying the contribution of released substances to the greenhouse effect in kg CO 2 -equivalents is becoming one of the leading indicators for assessing energy-intense processes. Final Report 52 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings 7.2. EPBD 2002 and EPBD Recast 2010 EPBD 2002 The EPBD (Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings) adopted 2002 16 and its recast in 2010 17 are the main legislative instruments at EU level which aim to improve energy performance of buildings. To implement the directive into national law, in a first step the Member States had to apply minimum requirements (tailored to the local climate) regarding the energy performance of new buildings and large existing buildings that are subjected to major renovation. The level of performance as well as the methodology of calculation could be defined by the EU member states themselves according to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality 18 which makes a comparison of energy indicators on a European wide level rather difficult. To guarantee the achievement of the target values, the EU member states had to establish certification systems of the energy performance of buildings (via obligatory energy certificates which have to be revised accordingly). Furthermore, the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative energy supply systems should be considered for large new buildings (with a total useful floor area above 1000 m²) such as decentralised energy supply systems based on renewable energy, CHP (Combined Heat and Power), district or block heating or cooling and heat pumps. The regular inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems both for new and existing buildings should improve the energy efficiency of heating and cooling systems. Is the boiler sizing (still) suitable to the heating requirements of the building or is a general replacement of boilers/cooling systems, their upgrading or alternative modifications necessary? Diversity in the implementation of the EPBD in EU Member States The study “Monitoring and evaluation of energy certification on practice with focus on central European States” 19 provides an overview of the diversity and multiplicity of the implementation of the EPBD in different EU Member States. Multiple are not only the main indicators displayed on the first side of the energy performance certificate, but also rating scales and if measured or calculated values are applicable, as Table 13 shows. 16 Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings 17 Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related product buildings 18 “the general principles providing for a system of energy performance requirements and its objectives should be established at Community level, but the detailed implementation should be left to Member States, thus allowing each Member State to choose the regime which corresponds best to its particular situation.” Paragraph 21, Directive 2002/91/EC 19 Kopetzky, R.; Therburg, I.; Monitoring and evaluation of energy certification on practice with focus on central European States (ed. By ARGE Energieausweise Mitteleuropa; published by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BMVBS), BMVBS-Online Publikation 03/2010, February 2010) Final Report 53 31 03 2011
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