Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings 7.5. Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) - BRE The Code for Sustainable Homes (2009) deals with energy topics in several categories: - first, in the main category “Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions (ENE)” which is weighted by more than one quarter of all achievable credits (29 of 104; total weighting 28 %) leaving all other 8 main categories behind – apart from Materials which is weighted by 23 %. - second, in several other categories (e.g. Management, Pollution, Materials,..) as set out in the following sections. For more details to weighting and overall assessment see appendix 13.2 (Operational) Energy and CO 2 -Emissions Category “Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions (ENE)” comprises the following issues: - Ene 1: Dwelling Emission Rate (15 credits) - Ene 2: Building Fabric (2 credits) - Ene 3: Internal Lighting (2 credits) - Ene 4: Drying Space (1 credit) - Ene 4: Energy labelled white goods (2 credits) - Ene 6: External lighting (2 credits) - Ene 7: Low or zero carbon (LZC) technologies 22 (2 credits) - Ene 8: Cycle storage (2 credits) - Ene 9: Home Office (1 credit) Ene1: Dwelling Emission Rate The first issue of the CSH energy section assesses the percentage improvement in the Dwelling Emission Rate (DER) over the Target Emission Rate (TER) (the maximum emission rate permitted by Building Regulations in England) 23 , where ≤ 10% improvement is leading to rating level 1 (lowest level – 1 credit), ≥ 25% improvement to level 3 (5 credits), ≥100% level 5 (14 credits) and “Zero Carbon Home” to the best achievable level 6 (15 credits). These energy levels are mandatory to achieve the corresponding Code level (1-6 star rating). The difference between level 5 and level 6 results from the sum of energy appliances considered: The Dwelling Emission Rate (DER) takes into account the energy in use for heating, hot water and fixed lighting (where energy efficiency of dedicated lighting is assumed 30 %). Calculation refers to SAP method (the Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure as the approved methodology for rating the energy performance of dwellings). The result (estimated carbon dioxide emissions per m² for the building, as designed) is compared to the Target Emission Rate (TER) defined as the maximum allowable carbon dioxide emissions per m² for energy use in heating, hot water and lighting which would meet the Building Regulations. 22 Technologies recognised by the Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) Low Carbon Buildings Programme (LCBP) may be considered as part of a low or zero carbon emissions solution. 23 Dwelling Emisson Rate (DER) and Target Emission Rate (TER) are defined in AD L1A The Building Regulations for England and Wales, Approved Document L1A: Conservation of Fuel and Power in New Dwellings (2006). 2010, the building regulations will be revised with the overall aim to achieve a 25% reduction in carbon emissions as compared with the 2006 Regulations making level 3 mandatory. Final Report 62 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings To achieve the level of a “Zero Carbon Home” net carbon dioxide emissions resulting from all energy used in the dwelling are zero or better, including space heating, cooling, hotwater systems, ventilation, all internal lighting cooking and all electrical appliance. The requirements of level 5 have to be fulfilled and off-site renewable contributions can only be taken into account where these are directly supplied to the dwellings by private wire arrangement. An optimization only by the use of Low or Zero Carbon technologies is not sufficient to achieve “Zero Carbon level”. The building envelope has to be optimized, too, as a Heat Loss Parameter (covering walls, windows, air tightness and other building design issues) of 0.8 W/m²K or less is required. The Code of Sustainable Homes (and the BREEAM schemes in general) neither refer to the delivered energy nor to primary energy requirement (renewable/non-renewable) of buildings. The decisive indicator for assessing the overall energy performance of dwellings is the reduction of CO 2 -emissions compared to a defined level (besides additional individual measures). The calculation method considers CO 2 emissions from space heating, domestic hot water, lighting, mechanical cooling, CO 2 reductions from alternative electricity generation, biomass fuelled CHP (combined heat and power) systems (community systems as well as on-site) and from LZC (Low or Zero Carbon) technologies (solar hot water, photovoltaics, small scale hydro power, wind turbines, biomass single room heaters/stoves, biomass boilers, biomass community heating schemes, CHP and micro CHP for use with the following fuels: natural gas, biomass, sewerage gas and other biogases, community heating, including utilising waste heat, air source heat pumps (ASHPs), ground source heat pumps (GSHP), geothermal heating systems, fuel cells using hydrogen generated from a renewable source). Green tariffs cannot be used to discount CO 2 emissions as these do not guarantee an increased renewable capacity and are not legally binding on occupiers. The rating within CSH does not consider absolute or specific carbon dioxide emissions of a building or a dwelling unaffected by the energy carrier or fuel in use. “The Target Emission Rate (TER) may be higher for some technologies based on a particular fuel and therefore the improvement to this level easier to reach.” The editors of the Code for Sustainable Homes recognised this weak point and emphasize that the Code “does not intend to reward technologies that work against the objectives of the scheme. Hence, the future revisions to the Code will be aligned with revisions to Part L of the Building Regulations; minimum standards of fabric performance and air tightness are also likely to be introduced.”…”The fuel factors used within the SAP calculation methodology are to be redefined subject to a consultation in 2009 on Part L of the Building Regulations to map out new requirements for introduction in 2010 and 2013.” 24 Ene 2 to Ene 7 award individual measures as follows: 24 Code for Sustainable Homes: Technical Guide May 2009, Version 2; ed. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2009, p.53 Final Report 63 31 03 2011
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