Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Table 16: Comparison of the LCA-scores of building A and B with different functional units (area of building envelope versus gross floor area): The example shows that the LCA-scores per area of building envelope are the same in the beginning (same material composition in both building for all walls and ceilings) and can be significantly improved by exchanging the material composition in building A (from 72 to 54 scores). But as one can also see is that the same effect can be reached by improving the compactness of the building. bungalow with conventional materials bungalow with optimized materials 2-storey with conventional materials Length (m) 12 m 12 m 6 m Width (m) 10 m 10 m 10 m Height (m) 3 m 3 m 2 x 3 m Conditioned gross floor area 120 m 2 120 m 2 120 m 2 Volume 360 m 3 360 m 3 360 m 3 Total area of building envelope 372 m 2 372 m 2 276 m 2 LCA-Scores / m 2 build.env. (BE) 72 54 72 LCA-Scores / Gross floor area 223 166 166 8.4. Recommendations for the use of LCA in building assessment systems LCA is an excellent tool for orientation purposes in the initial phase of environmental product labelling (or criteria setting) and for comparing system alternatives. Therefore, it will not be necessary to carry out complete LCAs by any means (as pursued by CEN/TC 350) - since orientation studies like IMPRO show that the use phase (dominated by the energy demand for heating) is the most important for new buildings, while the end-of-life phase and the construction process are of much lower importance. - since it can be shown that most LCA-indicators correlate strongly with energy (IMPRO, 2008). - since the POCP-indicator of a building mainly results from the VOC-emissions of solventbased building materials. In this case the criteria shall be based on the avoidance of the use of these products instead of an elaborate LCA-indicator (LIPP, 2010). Based on this fundamental statement, we recommend the following implementation of LCA in building assessment tools: Primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are good proxy indicators to assess the environmental performance of the buildings (IMPRO, 2008). The gain in Final Report 90 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings information by taking other LCA-indicators in account is questionable, whereas leaving them out saves oneself the question of weighting the indicators. The compactness of the building could also be a good first proxy indicator for the environmental performance of the building. We recommend considering the use phase (for more details see chapter “Energy and CO 2 - emissions”) and the manufacturing of the construction materials (cradle to gate) within a proxy LCA. The construction operation can be neglected and the improvement options for disposal processes could be expressed much better with the help of qualitative indicators (MÖTZL, 2009). All considered life-cycle stages of the building should be regarded separately. The renovation cycles should be taken into account – in principle, unless the service life of the building is limited with as short periods of service life as in IMPRO-study (40 years) or DGNB (50 years). Reference values for renovation cycles were proposed in ZELGER et al (2009) for instance. According to IMPRO (2008) the impacts caused by the construction phase of new building primarily stem from the construction of the exterior walls, the basement, and floors/ceilings. Interior walls, roof and windows only play a minor role. Our own LCA-calculations however show that the roof (in single-family houses) and the windows play must not be underestimated. Hence, we recommend taking all listed constructions into account. Interior and exterior doors, paintings, adhesives, screws and other auxiliary materials can be neglected or roughly estimated. Calculations can be made on the basis of (agreed) generic data. Methodological conventions (e.g. which energy mix to be used) must be established at the regulatory level in Europe. Standardisation should not be considered as sufficient to this end. It is strongly recommended to focus on different instruments, such as environmental impact assessment, chemical risk assessment etc. for measuring the non-LCA-indicators. There is no need to restrict the environmental assessment to mathematical operationalisation of environmental mechanism as it is practised by CEN/TC 350 at the moment. As has been shown in building assessment systems and product labelling for many years, the characterisation models of non-LCA-indicators could be formalised operations based on measurements or qualitative inventory information. It is recommended to use the same functional unit as for the energy performance assessment (e.g. per “conditioned gross floor area and year” in Austria). Benchmarks could be set on national level e.g. based on a range of assessed buildings or on political targets. Final Report 91 31 03 2011
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