Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings The requirement for regional products (at least for the heaviest masses of the building such as concrete, reinforcement steel, etc.) shall decrease the transport emissions to and from site whereas “reused and recycled materials” lower the resource consumption of the building. Traffic-related Energy Aspects Energy related aspects can also be found under “Infrastructure and Amenities” where numerous measures for reducing individual motorised traffic (from site selection, quality of local facilities, access and quality of public transport, cycle facilities and amenities of the building and dwellings) are assessed. 7.9. Summary and Conclusions Energy and CO 2 -Emissions Summary Operational Energy The detailed examination of energy indicators used for environmental or sustainable assessment of (small) residential buildings reveals that the heating energy demand has been replaced by CO 2 emissions and/or primary energy as key indicators for rating the energy performance of a building during the operation phase. Assessment is often not based on an absolute rating scale. Several systems refer at least partially to reference buildings constructed in accordance with the (national or regional) building regulations’ energy requirements and/or reference building services (CSH: Dwelling Emission Rate, LEED for Homes: HERS Index, TQB: final energy improvement compared to reference building 45 , DGNB: PE and GWP reference values 46 ). The base of comparison as well as the potential of enhancement may differ depending on the HVAC systems installed. Considered indicators and life phases Most of the analysed environmental or sustainable building assessment systems for (lowrise) residential buildings refer to either primary energy and/or CO 2 emissions as main indicators assessing the energy performance of a building or a building unit. In most cases, the system boundary is limited to the phase of operation till now. 45 defined in OIB-Richtlinie 6 and ÖN H 5056: 2010 OIB-Richtlinie 6: Energieeinsparung und Wärmeschutz (Hg. vom Österreichischen Institut für Bautechnik, OIB- 300.6-038/07, Ausgabe 2007) Erläuternde Bemerkungen zu OIB-Richtlinie 6 „Energieeinsparung und Wärmeschutz“ und zum OIB-Leitfaden „Energietechnisches Verhalten von Gebäuden“ (Hg. vom Österreichischen Institut für Bautechnik, OIB-300.6- 038/07-001, Ausgabe 2007) ON H 5056: 2010: Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Heiztechnik-Energiebedarf (Hg. vom Österreichischen Normungsinstitut, 2010) 46 calculated in accordance with the reference building’s requirements of DIN V 18599/EnEV 2009. DIN V 18599: Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden – Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primärenergiebedarfs für Heizung, Kühlung, Lüftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. Berlin: Beuth Verlag, 2007 Verordnung über energiesparenden Wärmeschutz und energiesparende Anlagentechnik bei Gebäuden (Energieeinsparverordnung – EnEV) vom 24.Juli 2007 in Verbindung mit: Verordnung zur Änderung der Energieeinsparverordnung vom 29. April 2009. Bundesgesetzblatt Jg. 2009 Teil I Nr. 23, S. 954-989. Final Report 76 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Only one of the analysed assessment systems (DGNB) has implemented an approximately 47 comprehensive LCA view (from cradle to grave) using two core indicators for an energyrelated life cycle assessment (non-renewable primary energy and percentage of renewable resources). A life cycle assessment with the same system boundary is additionally required for the following impact categories: global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation, acidification, nutrification, risks for the local environment. Separate rating for operational energy alone or other preliminary stages is not intended. It is questionable if the high effort on producing LCA leads to a higher information content of the assessment results since fuzziness due to faulty data quality or questionable assumptions for allocation and scenarios or mistakes because of neglected post-consumer recycling may be high. TQB considers all phases within the lifecycle of a building (from production and transport of materials, construction activities on site, operation and maintenance till disposal at the end of lifetime), but does not summarize all phases to single core indicators such as PE (e.g. disposal is not summarized in the LCA-indicator OI3, but assessed separately; construction site management includes recommendations instead of rating the energy consumption on site) due to emphasize necessary optimisation steps and to lay the attention to critical materials or weaknesses in conventional construction methods. A recent study has shown that the overall assessment of e.g. POCP (over the whole life cycle) may not stringently lead to those materials which are responsible for the environmental impact due to their low percentage on the total mass (LIPP, 2009) 48 . Therefore, they are often neglected in a life cycle assessment of complex systems like buildings. BREEAM based schemes (like CSH) as well as LEED for Homes do not explicitly assess embodied energy in construction materials, but include indirect rating via different resource indicators as shown above. SBTool’s criteria assessing primary energy non-renewable and GHG emissions are divided into “embodied in building materials” (initial construction phase) and “from facilities operation”. Maintenance and refurbishment within the lifecycle are not explicitly taken into account. Traffic-related Energy Consumption All analysed systems provide a descriptive qualitative rating (proximity to public transport and commercial facilities, easy access to recreation areas, quality of cycle pathways and cycle storage on-site, distance to employment centres,… ) instead of a quantitative rating of the expected energy consumption or CO 2 emissions from individual motorised traffic (during operation). At least one system (SB-Tool) extends its rating even to public initiatives of communities. 47 Material inputs for building services are limited to heat generation systems, and the processes of construction and disposal activities on site are not taken into account. Materials which comprise more than 1% of the total mass or contribute to more than 1% of the impact assessed have to be balanced, all other materials may be neglected. 48 „Das POCP eines Gebäudes wird am besten direkt über die Vermeidung von Lösemitteln in den Bauprodukten bewertet, optimiert und reduziert.“ Final Report 77 31 03 2011
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