Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings Transports to and from sites (for construction, refurbishment, and removal of buildings) are required in an overall LCA. They contribute to only 4% of the total embodied non-renewable primary energy over the whole lifecycle. An overall assessment of primary energy does not allow differentiation. Therefore, it is more effective to optimise the traffic-related energy consumption to and from site by indicators requiring the use of (low-emitting) vehicles with efficient diesel consumption than to limit the overall primary energy demand over the lifecycle. 8. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 8.1. Introduction Scope ANEC has commissioned several studies and already formed its opinion about LCA as well as its application in building assessment. Hence, the following chapter concentrates on the compilation of the main findings in the relevant studies and on recommendations concerning the use of LCA in building assessment systems. A detailed analysis of the use of LCA in the existing building assessment systems is not carried out since LCA-methodology is clearly defined in ISO 14040 and 14044. The various building assessment systems differ concerning the used indicators, the considered life cycle stages and the weighting and benchmarking of the indicators. Besides, some findings about the use of LCA-indicators in building assessment systems were already listed in chapter “Energy and CO 2 -emission”. Hence, we preferred relying the conclusions and recommendations concerning the use of LCA in building assessment systems on the following meta-studies (see also chapter “3.2 Background”): - European Commission / Joint Research Centre: Environmental improvement potential of residential buildings (IMPRO-Building, 2008) - European Commission / Joint Research Centre: Environmental Impact of Products (EIPRO). Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25 (EIPRO, 2006) - ANEC / Öko-Institut, Ökopol: Environmental product indicators and benchmarks in the context of environmental labels and declarations (PRAKASH, REINTJES, 2008) and on own experience with and knowledge of life cycle assessment of buildings. (Very) short introduction to life cycle assessment (LCA) Life cycle assessment (LCA) stands for “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle” (ISO 14040). It is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by: - compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases (“LCI - Life Cycle Inventory”); Final Report 82 31 03 2011
IBO - Environmental and Health related Criteria for Buildings - evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases (“LCIA - Life Cycle Impact Assessment”); - interpreting the results to help you make a more informed decision (“Interpretation”). LCA is standardised in ISO 14040 and 14044 and in more detail in “Life Cycle assessment: An operational guide to the ISO standards” (CML, 2001). A methodology for the life cycle assessment of buildings shall be given by CEN TC 350 “Sustainability of construction works”, sub-category “Assessment of environmental performance of buildings". Characteristics of LCA are the quantification of environmental impacts and the aggregation over time and space. This leads to different indicators either direct from life cycle inventory (LCI) or from life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Indicators derived from LCI: • Depletion of non renewable resources [kg Sb eq ] • Depletion of non-renewable resources other than primary energy [kg Sb eq ] • Depletion of non-renewable primary energy [MJ] • Use of renewable resources other than primary energy [kg] • Use of renewable primary energy [MJ] • Use of freshwater resources [m 3 ] • Non-hazardous waste to disposal [kg] • Hazardous waste to disposal [kg] • Nuclear waste (separate from hazardous waste) [kg] Indicators expressed with the impact categories of LCIA • Global warming potential (GWP) [kg CO2-eq] • Ozone depletion potential (ODP) [kg CFC-11 eq] • Acidification potential (AP) [kg SO2 eq] • Nutrification potential (NP) [kg PO4 eq] • Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) [kg C2H4 eq] • Emissions of radioactive isotopes [unit: kBq] For other important environmental effects like loss of biodiversity, land use, toxicity, etc, no established scientific calculation model for quantification and aggregation of the impacts exists at the moment (or will never exist). 8.2. Background EIPRO- and IMPRO-Report The JRC report on “Environmental improvement potential of residential buildings” summarises the results of the “IMPRO - Building” project, which aimed to analyse the potential environmental IMprovement of PROducts in the field of housing. IMPRO (2008) was carried out because the previous study, EIPRO (2006), had shown that the product category “Housing, furniture, equipment and utility use” made up 20 to 35 % of the (considered) impacts of all consumer products. In fact, room and water heating was one Final Report 83 31 03 2011
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Environmental and health related criteria for buildings - ANEC

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