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144 M.C. Roco researches self-assembling monolayers and patterning on metallic and silicon surfaces. The SST Netherlands Study Center for Technology Trends is completing a study on nanotechnology and aims at promoting increased funding and research networking in the Netherlands (ten Wolte 1997). Finland The Academy of Finland and the Finnish Technology Development Center began a three-year nanotechnology program in 1997. The program involves sixteen projects with funding of $9 million for a three-year period (1997-1999) for nanobiology, functional nanostructures, nanoelectronics, and other areas. Research on actuators and sensors is the Finnish area of strength. Belgium and Spain Since about 1993 both Belgium and Spain have established nanotechnology programs, centers of excellence, and university-industry interactions. Multinational Efforts Large multinational companies with significant nanotechnology research activities in Europe include IBM (Zürich), Philips, Siemens, Bayer, and Hitachi. Degussa Co., with headquarters in Germany, is a commercial supplier since 1940 of microparticles and, now, nanoparticles. Western Europe has a variety of approaches to funding research on nanotechnology. These are discussed in detail in other studies. IPTS (the Science and Technology Forecast Institute) has conducted a study on nanotechnology research in the EC (Malsh 1997). Other European studies published recently include those by VDI (1996), UNIDO (1997), the U.K. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (1997), and NANO network (Fissan and Schoonman 1997). The overall expenditure for nanotechnology research within the EC was estimated in 1997 to be over $128 million per year. RUSSIA AND OTHER FSU COUNTRIES Support for generation of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials has a tradition in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) dating back to the mid-1970s; before 1990 an important part of this support
8. Research Programs on Nanotechnology in the World 145 was connected to defense research. The first public paper concerning the special properties of nanostructures was published in Russia in 1976. In 1979 the Council of the Academy of Sciences created a section on “Ultra- Dispersed Systems.” Research strengths are in the areas of preparation processes of nanostructured materials and in several basic scientific aspects. Metallurgical research for special metals, including those with nanocrystalline structures, has received particular attention; research for nanodevices has been relatively less developed. Due to funding limitations, characterization and utilization of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials requiring costly equipment are less advanced than processing. Russian government funds are allocated mainly for research personnel and less for infrastructure (Chem. Eng. News 1997). Funding for nanotechnology is channeled via the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, the Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Higher Education, and other ministries with specific targets. The Ministry of Higher Education has relatively little research funding. Overall, 2.8% of the civilian budget in Russia in 1997 was planned for allocation to science. There is no centralized program on nanotechnology; however, there are components in specific institutional programs. Currently, about 20% of science research in Russia is funded via international organizations. The significant level of interest in the FSU can be identified by the relatively large participation at a series of Russian conferences on nanotechnology, the first in 1984 (First USSR Conference on Physics and Chemistry of Ultradispersed Systems), a second in 1989, and a third in 1993. The Ministry of Science and Technology contributes to nanotechnology through several of its specific programs related to solid-state physics, surface science, fullerenes and nanostructures, and particularly “electronic and optical properties of nanostructures.” This last program involves a network of scientific centers: the Ioffe Institute in St. Petersburg, Lebedev Institute in Moscow, Moscow State University, Novgograd Institute of Microstructures, Novosibirsk Institute of Semiconductor Physics, and others. This research network has an annual meeting on nanostructures, physics, and technology, and has developed interactions with the PHANTOMS network in the EC. The U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation has provided research funds in the FSU for several projects related to nanotechnology, including “Highly Non-Equilibrium States and Processes in Nanomaterials” at the Ioffe Institute (1996-1998). Russian government and international organizations are the primary research sponsors for nanotechnology in Russia. However, laboratories and companies privatized in the last few years, such as the Delta Research Institute in Moscow, are under development. With a relatively lower base in
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Page 177 and 178: APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix C. European Roundtable Dis
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Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan OV
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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