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230 Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions program managers from four of the funding agencies in Sweden, contributed to the workshop. Sweden has made a conscientious effort to have broad-scale information exchange in the area of nanoscale science and technology. There are several consortia (described below) that not only have a multidisciplinary composition but also multiorganizational composition in most instances. As examples, in the area of mesoscopic (20 Å < size < 500 Å) physics, 80-100 people are involved from various institutions in Sweden, and the Nanometer Structure Consortium at Lund has on the order of 100 people involved. Regular meetings are held by the National Board for Industrial and Technological Development (NUTEK) Competent Centers, and the scanning probe community has regular meetings for researchers throughout the country. Presentation of Consortium Efforts After introductory comments, which included a welcome from Prof. Ingmar Grenthe, the Vice President of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), overviews of four major consortia in the Nanoscale Science and Technology area were presented: 1. Clusters and Ultrafine Particles, presentation by Prof. Nils Mårtensson of Lund/Uppsala, the consortium leader 2. Nanometer Structure Consortium, presentation by Prof. L. Samuelsson of Lund University, the consortium head 3. Nanophase Materials Consortium, presentation by Prof. M. Muhammed, of the Brinell Center at KTH 4. Ångström Laboratory, presentation by Prof. C.G. Granqvist and Dr. L. Kiss of Uppsala University These general consortia overviews demonstrated that significant effort is being expended in nanoscale science and technology throughout Sweden. In addition, there either is or is expected to eventually be, substantial industrial involvement in every consortium. Academia’s strong and close ties to the industrial needs of Sweden were repeated several times during the workshop. Reports on the Consortia 1. Consortium on Clusters and Ultrafine Particles The Consortium on Clusters and Ultrafine Particles is one of the consortia that makes up the Interdisciplinary Materials Research Consortium (see Table C.I) sponsored by the Swedish Foundation for Scientific Research (SSF), the Natural Sciences Research Council (NFR), and NUTEK. The
Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions 231 present Consortium leader is Nils Mårtensson, who is also the new Director of MAX-Lab, the synchrotron facility at Lund. The three primary areas of focus of this consortium are (1) catalysis (clusters – nanophase materials), (2) nanostructured electrodes, and (3) hard materials. The consortium consists of groups from several different universities and disciplines that collaborate in this area. For example, participants include Uppsala researchers from Physics in Surface Science, Liquid ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis), Quantum Chemistry, and Dynamic Electrochemistry; University of Stockholm researchers from Physics in Theory; Linköping researchers in Theory of Spectra; and KTH researchers in Materials Chemistry and Ceramics. In addition there are strong interactions with industrial researchers. Examples of research being carried out in this consortium are investigations of the fundamental properties of CO dissociation on supported metal clusters. XPS studies of the energy shift in the carbon 1s line have allowed investigators to follow CO dissociation on different nanosize rhodium clusters and conclude that clusters containing on the order of 1,000 rhodium atoms supported on alumina were the most adept at dissociating CO. Clusters containing both less and more rhodium dissociated a much smaller fraction of the CO. Similarly, bonding of organic acids on metals, e.g., formate and acetate on Cu(110), is being studied experimentally by XPS and modeled by theory. These experiments are made possible by the use of the synchrotron radiation at MAX-lab, which is located at Lund University. The MAX-II is a third-generation facility, which means that it has been optimized for insertion devices (straight sections). The high intensity X-ray sources at MAX-lab have opened opportunities for X-ray lithography work in two areas that lab researchers are calling micromachining/LIGA process or nanostructuring/IC technology. Potential applications in micromachining include neuro chips, microactuators, microsensors, pressure senders, microparts, filters, flow meters/controllers, and fiberoptics connectors. Potential applications in nanostructuring are sub-0.13 µm microlithography, high speed FETs, biomaterials, fibers and particles, bioelectric sensors, binary diffraction optics elements, optical elements based on CGHs, and high aspect ratio nanostructures. Another example is the MAX-Lab work on nanostructured semiconductor electrodes for photovoltaics, photoconductors, sensors, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, electrochromism, electroluminescense, and batteries. The Graetzel cell, which uses particles with controlled morphology, allows optimization of devices that produce electrical energy from light.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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