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12 Richard W. Siegel Since nanostructures are often inherently unstable owing to their small constituent sizes and high chemical activity, a further challenge is to increase the thermal, chemical, and structural stability of these materials and the devices made therefrom, in the various temperatures and chemistries of the environments in which the nanostructures are asked to function. A nanostructure that is only a nanostructure at the beginning of a process is not of much use unless the process is over in a very short time or unless the process itself is the actual nanostructure advantage. So, stability is a real concern in many applications. Researchers must determine whether natural stability or metastability is sufficient or if we must additionally stabilize against the changes that we cannot afford. Fortunately, it appears that many nanostructures possess either a deeply metastable structure or they can be readily stabilized or passivated using rather traditional strategies. Reproducibility and scalability of nanoparticle synthesis and consolidation processes in nanostructuring are paramount for successful utilization of nanostructure research and development. What is accomplished in the laboratory must eventually benefit the society that pays the bills for the research, or the field will simply die. Also, significant enhancements in statistically driven process controls are required if we are to be able to effectively commercialize and utilize the nanostructuring of matter. New thinking is needed, not only about the materials, not only about the processing and assembly of these materials, but also about the manufacture of products from these materials and the economic impact of dealing with effluents. Given the commercial promise of net-shape forming of nanoscale ceramics, for example, the viability of such nanostructure production and utilization depends upon the total integrated costs of precursors or raw materials, synthesis of the building blocks, manufacturing of parts from those building blocks, and finally, disposition of the effluents. Higher than normal up-front costs for the nanoparticles or building blocks may be affordable if the processing steps save more than that. It is the total integrated costs, along with societal needs, that will determine commercial viability Education is also of tremendous importance to the future of the field of nanostructure science and technology. The creation of a new breed of researchers working across traditional disciplines and thinking "outside the box" is an absolute necessity for the field of nanostructure science and technology to truly reach fruition and to impact society with full force. The education of this new breed of researchers, who will either themselves work across disciplines or know how to work with others across disciplinary lines in the interfaces between disciplines, is necessary to make this happen in the future. People will need to start thinking in truly unconventional ways, if we are to take full advantage of this excitingly new and revolutionary field.
1. Introduction and Overview 13 It appears that nanostructure science and technology at present resembles only the tip of a pyramid that has recently been uncovered from the sands of ignorance. As the new and expanding research community of nanostructure scholars worldwide digs away at these sands and uncovers more and more of the exciting field of nanostructure science and technology, we will eventually learn how truly important the field will have become and how great its impact will be on society. From our present vantage point, this future looks very exciting. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1989 Andres, R.P., R.S. Averback, W.L. Brown, L.E. Brus, W.A. Goddard, III, A. Kaldor, S.G. Louie, M. Moskovits, P.S. Peercy, S.J. Riley, R.W. Siegel, F. Spaepen, and Y. Wang. 1989. Research opportunities on clusters and cluster-assembled materials, a Dept. of Energy, Council on Materials Science, panel report. Journal of Materials Research 4:704-736. Gleiter, H. 1989. Nanocrystalline materials. Progress in Materials Science 33: 223-315. Kear, B.H., L.E. Cross, J.E. Keem, R.W. Siegel, F. Spaepen, K.C. Taylor, E.L. Thomas, and K.-N. Tu. 1989. Research opportunities for materials with ultrafine microstructures. Washington D.C.: National Academy, Vol. NMAB-454. 1990 Rieke, P.C., P.D. Calvert, and M. Alper, eds. 1990. Materials synthesis utilizing biological processes. In Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 174(1990). Stucky, G.D., and J.E. MacDougall. 1990. Quantum confinement and host/guest chemistry: Probing a new dimension. Science 247: 669-678. 1991 Whitesides, G.M., J.P. Mathias, and C.T. Seto. 1991. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science 254: 1312-1319. 1992 Dagani, R. 1992. Nanostructured materials promise to advance range of technologies. Chemical & Engineering News (November 23): 18-24. Heuer, A.H., D.J. Fink, V.J. Laraia, J.L. Arias, P.D. Calvert, K. Kendall, G.L. Messing, J. Blackwell, P.C. Reike, D.H. Thompson, A.P. Wheeler, A. Veis, and A.I. Caplan. 1992. Innovative materials processing: A biomimetic approach. Science 255:1098-1105. 1993 Siegel, R.W. 1993. Nanostructured materials—mind over matter. Nanostructured Materials 3: 1-18. 1994 Hadjipanayis, G.C., and R.W. Siegel, eds. 1994. Nanophase materials: Synthesis-propertiesapplications. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press. Siegel, R.W. 1994. Nanophase materials. In Encyclopedia of applied physics, Vol. 11, G.L. Trigg, ed. Weinheim: VCH, pp. 1-27.
Page 1 and 2: National Science and Technology Cou
Page 3 and 4: WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Timely information on scie
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Page 11 and 12: Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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