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42 John Mendel TABLE 3.2. Particle Properties Particle Properties TiO 2 ZnO Fe 2 O 3 Refractive Index 2.40 2.01 3.01 Density (gm/cc) 3.95 5.61 5.30 Molecular Weight (µ) 80 81 160 Particle Sizes (see Figure 3.1 below) Optical Density (D) = Absorbance (A) = log 10 (lo/l = ε Cl) C = concentration l = optical path length ε = molar absorption coefficient/2.303 Source: R. Brotzman, Nanophase Technologies Figure 3.1. Transparency as a function of particle size (Nanophase). In summary, particle preparation in the United States utilizes a wide variety of methods—both chemical and physical, at both high and low temperatures—all having unique considerations for scale-up and process control. Researchers in other countries are tackling many of these same issues. Work in Europe and Japan Due to time constraints, the WTEC panel was able to visit only a few labs in Europe and Japan that deal with issues associated with dispersions and coatings. Cited below are a visit to the Institute for New Materials at Saarbrücken in Germany and a visit to Japan’s Industrial Research Institute
3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of Nagoya, both of which are exploring direct applications of nanostructured dispersions and coatings. Drs. Rudiger Nass and Rolf Clasen at the Institute for New Materials at Saarbrücken make specific use of the sol-gel process in which liquid starting materials are utilized at low temperatures for nanoscale metal, ceramic, glass, and semiconductor nanoparticles (Clasen 1990). The advantages, besides temperature, include the isolation of high purity powders. The institute has focused on four basic areas for spin-off and adaptation towards commercialization: 1. New functional surfaces with nanomers. Properties such as corrosion protection, wettability, coloration, micropatterned surfaces, porosity, and the ability for selective absorption of molecules produce multifunctionality. 2. New materials for optical applications. This area combines properties of lasers and ceramics with polymers. Such features as optical filters, transparent conducting layers, materials for optical telecommunications, photochromic layers, and holographic image storage are under investigation. 3. Ceramic technologies. In this area, a simple precipitation process such as sol-gel provides for pilot-scale production of agglomerate-free powder. 4. Glass technologies. Chemical incorporation of metal colloids with intelligent properties into glasslike structures is clearly possible. During the WTEC team’s site visits to the Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya, S. Kanzaki and M. Sando described methods for preparing synergy ceramics using nanoporous silica particles that are used to fabricate thin films with one-dimensional throughput channels (Kanzaki et al. 1994). The channels had 10-20 nm sizes. High temperature Fe 2 SiO 4 oxides were prepared as both molecular sieves and particulate fibers. Japan plans to pursue the preparation of nanoporous materials for absorbing oil and identified particulates. ALTERNATIVE PREPARATION METHODS The quest for low temperature nanoparticle preparation methods has spanned a wide range of systems. One that has been in existence for decades but has not been put into use in other industries is the method of preparing silver halide particles. Eastman Kodak in France, England, and the United States has utilized solution precipitation technology with well-controlled mixing and nucleation control to produce a wide range of grain sizes. “Lippmann”-type grains have a size of about 50 nm. Some of the properties of these fine-grain systems are discussed by Trivelli and Smith (1939).
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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