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WTEC PANEL ON NANOPARTICLES, NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS, AND NANODEVICES Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States Government. Richard W. Siegel (Panel Chair) Materials Science and Engineering Dept. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 110 Eighth Street Troy, New York 12180-3590 Evelyn Hu (Panel Co-Chair) Center for Quantized Electronic Structures University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Donald M. Cox Exxon Research & Engineering Clinton Township, Rt. 22E Annandale, NJ 08801 Herb Goronkin Motorola EL 508 2100 East Elliott Road Tempe, AZ 85284 Lynn Jelinski Center for Advanced Technology in Biotechnology 130 Biotechnology Bldg. Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-2703 Carl Koch Materials Science & Engineering Dept. North Carolina State University 233 Riddick, Box 7907 Raleigh, NC 27695-7907 John Mendel Eastman Kodak 1669 Lake Avenue Rochester, N.Y. 14652-3701 David T. Shaw Electrical & Computer Eng. Dept. 330b Bonner Hall, North Campus SUNY Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260 NSF Coordinator: M.C. Roco National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 525 Arlington, VA 22230 INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC at Loyola College (previously known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, JTEC) provides assessments of foreign research and development in selected technologies under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF). Loyola’s International Technology Research Institute (ITRI), R.D. Shelton, Director, is the umbrella organization for WTEC. Paul Herer, Senior Advisor for Planning and Technology Evaluation at NSF’s Engineering Directorate, is NSF Program Director for WTEC. Several other U.S. government agencies provide support for the program through NSF. WTEC’s mission is to inform U.S. scientists, engineers, and policymakers of global trends in science and technology in a manner that is timely, credible, relevant, efficient, and useful. WTEC’s role is central to the government’s effort to measure its performance in science and technology. WTEC assessments cover basic research, advanced development, and applications. Panels of typically six technical experts conduct WTEC assessments. Panelists are leading authorities in their field, technically active, and knowledgeable about U.S. and foreign research programs. As part of the assessment process, panels visit and carry out extensive discussions with foreign scientists and engineers in their labs. The ITRI staff at Loyola College help select topics, recruit expert panelists, arrange study visits to foreign laboratories, organize workshop presentations, and finally, edit and disseminate the final reports. Dr. R.D. Shelton ITRI Director Loyola College Baltimore, MD 21210 Mr. Geoff Holdridge WTEC Division Director Loyola College Baltimore, MD 21210 Dr. George Gamota ITRI Associate Director 17 Solomon Pierce Road Lexington, MA 02173
ABSTRACT This report reviews the status of research and development in nanoparticles, nanostructured materials, and nanodevices worldwide, with particular focus on comparisons between the United States and other leading industrialized countries. Topics covered include particle synthesis and assembly, dispersions and coatings of nanoparticles, high surface area materials, functional nanoscale devices, bulk behavior of nanostructured materials, and biological methods and applications. The final chapter is a review of related government funding programs around the world. The report also includes site reports for visits conducted by the panel to leading research laboratories in Japan and Europe. The panel held workshops in the United States, Germany, Sweden, and Russia to gather additional information for this report on activities in those countries. The proceedings of the U.S. and Russia workshops are being published separately by WTEC. The panel’s conclusions include the following: (1) In the synthesis and assembly area (Chapter 2), the U.S. appears to be ahead with Europe following and then Japan; (2) In the area of biological approaches and applications (Chapter 7), the U.S. and Europe appear to be rather on a par with Japan following; (3) In nanoscale dispersions and coatings (Chapter 3), the U.S. and Europe are again similar with Japan following; (4) For high surface area materials (Chapter 4), the U.S. is clearly ahead of Europe and then Japan; (5) In the nanodevices area (Chapter 5), Japan seems to be leading quite strongly with Europe and the U.S. following; In the area of consolidated materials (Chapter 6), Japan is a clear leader with the U.S. and Europe following. These and other conclusions are reviewed in detail in the panel’s executive summary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the U.S. government sponsors of this study: the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Office of Naval Research, the Department of Commerce (both the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Office of Technology Policy), the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Ames Research Center). We are very much indebted to our panel chair, Richard Siegel, and to our co-chair, Evelyn Hu, for their dedication and leadership over the course of the study. All of the panelists are due great credit for their invaluable contributions of time and intellect to the project. It was both an honor and a pleasure to work with such an illustrious and affable group. Finally, we are extremely grateful to all of our hosts and correspondents around the world who took the time to share their work with us, as well as their insights and vision of the future of this exciting field. Sincerely, Geoffrey M. Holdridge WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor
Page 1 and 2: National Science and Technology Cou
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Page 7 and 8: Foreword Timely information on scie
Page 9 and 10: Foreword iii collaboration and thus
Page 11 and 12: Contents Foreword Table of Contents
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
Page 19 and 20: Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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