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238 Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions For example, the metal cluster experimental approach is directed towards studies of reactivity and electronic properties of free (molecular beam) metal clusters and studies of size-selected deposited metal clusters. The theory then examines electronic structure of free metal clusters, calculations of electronic structure for adsorbates on clusters, ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) calculations of clusters and adsorption on clusters, MD simulations of thermal properties, and simulations of cluster atom collisions. The approach taken in this group closely ties experiment to theory, as well as basic science to applied science. Prof. Bengt Kasemo oversees nanoscience research that consists of three main thrusts: 1. Nanofabricated model catalysts. In this thrust, modern micro- and nanofabrication methods are used to provide a new avenue to prepare controlled model catalysts that are expected to realistically mimic real supported catalysts. These catalysts consist of 2-D arrays of active catalysts deposited on active or inactive support materials. Particle size, shape, separation, and support can be systematically varied. The structures are easily accessible to scanning probe imaging and surface analysis techniques. The 2-D analogs of supported catalysts are illustrated by Pt particles in the size range 10-500 nm deposited on alumina and ceria manufactured by electron beam lithography. The sintering mechanisms of Pt particles on support materials and the role of oxygen supplied from support material (e.g., ceria) in catalytic reactions are being studied. 2. Nanofabricated metal particles. Nanofabrication is used to create arrays of Ag particles of 100-200 nm in size and of different shapes in order to study the influence of these parameters on the ability to detect individual biological molecules using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Kasemo’s group has successfully shown this for colloidal Ag suspensions (3-D) as well as 2-D arrays of nanofabricated Ag particles made by electron beam lithography. 3. Colloidal lithography for biomaterials applications. Different methods are being explored to create surfaces of interest for biomaterials testing and applications by using large area topographic patterning of nanoscale features by colloidal lithography (8-200 nm). Specifically of interest is how nanometer-scale topography influences biomolecule and cell adhesion and function at surfaces. Prof. Tord Claeson described the work in Nanoelectronics, Nanoscience at Chalmers University of Technology. Approximately 100 people are involved in this research effort. The main areas of interest are in high electron mobility transistors, electron hole drag phenomena, fabrication of junctions with small capacitance, phase coherent transport with possible
Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions 239 applications to superconducting mirrors, and biological applications in which they have shown that nanoscale TiO 2 fibers are engulfed by cells without cell collapse, whereas silica fibers cause cell collapse. Prof. Mats Jonson overviewed the theoretical efforts at Göteborg University. About 15 theorists are involved in study of mesoscopic systems. Efforts are directed towards theoretical understanding of phase coherence in mesoscopic systems, strong electron correlation effects, nonequilibrium situations, high frequency microwave response, and mixed metal superconducting materials. Summary In the general discussion at the end of the workshop, the following themes were emphasized: • In Sweden there is a good and close relationship between experiment and theory. Most groups or programs have a strong experimental as well as theoretical component. • There is a strong sensitivity towards industry. Industry in Sweden puts money into development but not so much into research. One comment was that there are too few people with PhD-level education in industry. Programs were described during the workshop where this is being addressed. • Large industrial firms in Sweden appear to be more closely coupled to the academic community in the universities than are smaller firms. • Most technical research in Sweden is carried out in universities. Sweden does not have an institute/ national laboratory organization equivalent to that in some other countries. • Nanoscale research is of interest to several industries, such as those interested in ceramics, powder metallurgy, thin films, electronics, magnetic materials, catalysis, and energy storage.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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