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288 Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan GaN dot formation: dot formation is attempted on a nearly latticematched substrate: GaN on AlGaN (thin buffer layer, grown on SiC, ~ 10 -7 defects/cm 2 ). Growth is believed to proceed by step-flow. In order to promote dot formation (without the influence of strain), researchers chose to control the surface energy, by using a monolayer of silicon as a surfactant (this has been published in APL). They have achieved stimulated emission in these dots, with a density of greater than 10 9 /cm 2 . Transport: Dr. Aoyagi showed the WTEC team quantum dots formed by split gate structures, with a separate gate that allowed coupling between 2 dots. He observed interference fringes in the I-V, indicative of coupling, measurements taken at 10 mK. He also showed magnetoCoulomb oscillations, using the magnetic field rather than a gate to alter the interactions (Figure D.9). Figure D.9. MagnetoCoulomb oscillations using the magnetic field. Dr. Aoyagi then took us for a brief tour of various labs in his area: a transport lab with three cryostats, an He 3/4 dilution refrigerator, and high field magnets (8 T); a JEOL e-beam writer, MOCVD capabilities (MBE was elsewhere), analysis lab with focused ion beam and photoluminescence spectroscopy. • The WTEC team was then provided with some overviews of the research in the Exotic Nano Materials group. Dr. Katsuhiko Fujita discussed some of the projects within this group, headed by Dr. Wolfgang Knoll. He described a supramolecular architecture, building from a substrate to a metal layer, to a biological interface to proteins. Dr. Fujita described a project in which fabricated gratings of various periods were used to facilitate studies on the motility and growth of hippocampal neurons. Another project involved the integration of neurons with transistors, to be used as in-situ recording devices. Laboratory support included capabilities for the synthesis of biopolymers, as well as characterization facilities, including scanning tunneling microscopy (atmospheric and ultrahigh vacuum), and atomic force microscopy. A surface plasmon resonance microscope and a near field optical microscopy facility are also being developed.
Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan 289 Dr. Takashi Isoshima, a researcher in the Biopolymer Physics Lab (degree from Tokyo University), then described some of the experiments involving polymers for optical devices: ultrafast optical switching, low power consumption photorefractives. This group carries out its own polymer synthesis, molecular design, and modification, in order to enhance optical properties such as nonlinearity and absorption. The goal is to synthesize multicomponent, photorefractive materials with capabilities in electrooptic coefficient, photoconductivity, etc. He showed us an impressive optical characterization lab: subpicosecond systems, a time-resolved fluorescence setup (100 fs), three optical benches, and optical fiber devices for ultrafast multiplexing. Dr. Hideo Yabuki then gave us a general overview of RIKEN, its history and current mission. RIKEN is a semipublic corporation, receiving 95% of its funding from the Science and Technology Agency. It is believed that this semipublic status gives it more autonomy. There is extensive collaboration with universities (University of Tokyo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, and others), with a number of dual appointments and joint doctoral courses. RIKEN collaborates extensively on an international scale and has established a number of laboratories outside of Japan; the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory was the first overseas lab to be established. Yoshiro Miki, the Director of the Frontier Research Program Division and the Brain Science Planning Office (he has been at STA, in Materials Research, and then at MITI on an excimer laser project), spoke of a new priority project: a brain research institute. Citing a research effort that is only 10% of that carried out in the United States, promoters of the brain research institute hope that this will help to bring “brain science” in Japan up to world-class levels. Miki also spoke of the disconnect between RIKEN and the universities in terms of identifying important research priorities; there is a 10-15 years lag between initiation of RIKEN priority programs and observation of changes in university programs. EQUIPMENT Various laboratory equipment included a synthesis lab, with Langmuir Trough, Brewster angle microscope, an analysis laboratory with two STMs, a UHV STM, and AFM. WTEC’s hosts described the development of a surface plasmon resonance microscope (magnification limited), and a near field optical microscopy facility that is being built under the coordination of Dr. Ruggiero Micheletto (current resolution is 100 µm).
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Page 353 and 354: Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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