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266 Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS NAIR had four main research projects at the time of the WTEC visit: 1. The Atom Technology Project. This project has as its goal the ultimate technology for manipulating atoms and molecules; it started in January 1993 and runs until March 2002; total budget is ¥25 billion. 2. Research on Cluster Science Project. The goal of this project was experimental and analysis of the character of clusters; it ran from January 1993 until March 1998; total budget was ¥1 billion. 3. Research on Bionic Design Project. The goal of this project was to advance understanding in cell and tissue engineering and molecular machines; it ran from January 1993 until March 1998; total budget was ¥1 billion. 4. Basic Research on Next Generation Optoelectronics. The goal of this project is large capacity optical memory; this is a new program with seed money first available in April 1996; start date appeared to be April 1998, running until March 2003; total budget in April 1996 was ¥80 million for defining program goals and directions. In addition to the above projects, NAIR has carried out several two- to three-year feasibility studies since its formation in 1993. The Atom Technology Project is the subject of a separate review in the JRCAT site report (p. 256 of Appendix D). The remainder of this report will focus on the Research on Cluster Science Project. Research on Cluster Science Dr. Harutoshi Takeo, the Cluster Science Group Leader, greeted the WTEC panel and first presented an overview of the science projects in his group, then led the panel on a tour of the laboratories. The cluster group consists of about 30 researchers, with nine regular research staff members, seven staff members on assignment from other AIST institutes, one from a university, 9-11 postdoctoral fellows, of which seven or eight are foreigners, and two to three graduate students. To further broaden the perspectives of the Cluster Science Group, it organizes a yearly workshop to which it invites 15-20 outside researchers. Over the lifetime of the project over 90 outside scientists will have participated in and contributed to these workshops. The Cluster Science Group’s research areas fall roughly into four areas: 1. clusters in collisionless environments (molecular beams) 2. clusters in liquid or solution 3. clusters stabilized on surfaces or in matrices 4. clusters stabilized in a nanocage such as a zeolite
Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan 267 In the collisionless environment the main activities are focused on probing the structure and reactivity of clusters under single collision conditions. The research facilities, which have been designed and built entirely from scratch since mid-1993, include a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with which cluster structures are studied via laser spectroscopy; cluster chemical reactivity is being probed through controlled introduction of various molecular species. A second apparatus, a cluster beam system, combines infrared pumping of molecular adsorption on clusters with resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization techniques to interrogate cluster and molecular bonding. Bonding of aniline and aniline dimers to a variety of different molecules has been studied. To study the properties of liquid clusters, an expansion liquid droplet source together with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (reflectron mode) was built. Study of mixtures of water/ethanol solutions have shown an evolution from clusters consisting of mostly water molecules complexed with one or two ethanol molecules for high concentration of water in the mixture, to clusters consisting of mostly ethanol molecules complexed with one or two water molecules when the ethanol concentration in the mixture reaches 40% or more. Such studies allow fundamental intermolecular interactions of molecules in liquids to be investigated. To probe the properties of clusters on supports, several sophisticated pieces of experimental apparatus were built. One especially impressive experiment uses a liquid metal source (heated crucible) to produce clusters that are deposited on a cryogenic substrate in order to stabilize them. The apparatus is interfaced with an X-ray source. The substrate with different cluster deposits is rotated in-situ, allowing X-ray determination of the structure to be investigated as a function of the metal type, the cluster size, the substrate material, and the temperature. Interestingly, gold clusters with size < 6 nm are found to have icosahedral structure and not the fcc structure of bulk gold. Upon warming the substrate, the clusters sinter and the development of the fcc structure can be followed as a function of temperature. Studies of gold-copper alloy clusters also show icosahedral structure for clusters less than about 6 nm. Several other metal and metal alloy systems will be examined. To investigate the quantum properties of nanometer-sized materials, the Cluster Science Group is attempting to stabilize metal clusters in the channels of zeolites. Specifically they have put sodium into the channels of an LTA zeolite in the hopes of producing a quantum wire. The sodiumdoped materials have been shown to exhibit photochromic behavior, exhibiting reversible darkening upon exposure to light. In contrast, potassium-doped zeolites investigated by another group exhibited ferromagnetic behavior.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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