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210 Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe between Dr. Petford-Long at Oxford, Prof. Ami Berkowitz at UCSD, and Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, who together are funding three post-doctoral researchers in electron microscopy, band-structure modeling, etc., mainly on spin-valve materials. These are made by spraying multilayered films, such as NiFe/Cu/Co/NiFe/MnNi. Additional funding comes from small companies in the UK and the Science Research Council. Also described were unique capabilities for mapping local magnetization in devices using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. They are also working on nanocomposite optical films, such as Bi nanoclusters in an amorphous Ge matrix, made by pulsed laser ablation techniques. Dr. Kenya A.Q. O’Reilly then described her work on the nucleation of nanocrystalline secondary phases and the heterogeneous nucleation of droplets on matrix surfaces studied by TEM in various alloy systems. Melt spinning is used to produce composites of low and high melting point materials. The method is apparently limited to about 20 nm diameter particles, for example with Pb in Al. Melting (freezing) is observed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different cooling rates to examine kinetics. Studies of Al/Al 3 Zr sponsored by ALCAN have shown that small particles melt first and then interface regions. The excellent electron microscopy facilities in the Materials Department (consisting of ~ 14 instruments, presently) are used in this work. A new high-resolution FEG- TEM will be added in a few months to upgrade further these facilities. Next, Dr. Alfred Cerezo and Dr. Paul J. Warren reviewed some of their current work involved with investigations of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials, mainly alloys, using atom-probe field-ion microscopy and highresolution TEM. The position-sensitive atom-probe (PoSAP) field-ion microscope was pioneered in this group and represents the ultimate in combined structural and chemical nanoscale analysis, since it has atom-byatom sensitivity. Kindbrisk, Ltd. in Oxfordshire has commercialized the instrumentation through a technology transfer arrangement with the University. A variety of phase decomposition studies are being carried out in order to develop an understanding of the mechanisms and effects of different such processes in nanocrystalline materials, including Al-based (high strength), Fe-based (soft magnetic), and Zr-based (high strength) alloys. Pulse electroplated Ni-Fe alloys have also been investigated because of their interesting increased hardness and improved magnetic properties. Dr. Steve Roberts discussed the ongoing research in the Department on nanocrystalline ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites, the latter with Dr. Brian Derby. Most of this work is being carried out on the Al 2 O 3 /SiC system containing ~ 5% SiC particles, similar to the materials studied by Prof. Koichi Niihara in Osaka. The work is funded by BRITE/EURAM and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) with some in-
Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 211 kind support from UK industry. Using 30-40 nm SiC particles well dispersed (intra- or inter-granularly) in 3-4 µm grain size Al 2 O 3 yields a factor of 2 increase in strength (cf. the factor of 4 increase found by Niihara’s group at Osaka), but a similar fracture toughness and 2-3 times greater wear resistance compared with conventional Al 2 O 3 . This material is found to be effective as a grinding medium, and good interactions with industry in the UK and abroad have resulted. Dr. John L. Hutchison then discussed his work on supported metal catalysts and also on in situ high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) observations of filling carbon nanotubes (multiwalled tubes now, but starting on single-walled tubes) with metals via reduction in the microscope. Dr. Hutchison is the director of the HREM facility, which has an environmental cell that has 0.25 nm resolution up to 20 mbar pressure and 500°C. He is also working on WS 2 and other related fullerene-like sulfides and selenides in collaboration with a group at the Weizmann Institute. These are found to give excellent lubricity in oil suspensions, since they apparently roll and don’t slide. The WTEC team’s next visit on a very busy and interesting day was with Prof. Peter J. Dobson, Department of Engineering Science, who described the wide range of activities in nanoparticles and nanocomposites in his Department, much of it done in collaboration with colleagues in the Departments of Materials and Chemistry. They create a variety of nanoparticles via several methods, including colloidal, aerosol, gel/aerosol, sputtering, gas evaporation, and electrochemical routes. These nanoparticles (e.g., CdS, CdSe, ZnS, Ag/ZnO, etc.) are generally dispersed in a matrix to make a “high technology” paint or coating with a specific functionality. For example, semiconductor quantum dots with narrow size distributions for use as light emitters are being dispersed in a glassy or polymeric matrix to develop new display technology. Surface capping of the nanoparticles is also being investigated in order to optimize and control their dispersion and properties. Finally, the last hour of the visit was spent with a group of eight faculty from the Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratories in an informative roundtable format that was well organized and briskly guided by Prof. Malcolm L.H. Green, Department Head, and Prof. Paul Madden. First, Dr. R.K. Thomas spoke of neutron scattering studies of interfaces, for example the surfactant layer at an aqueous/silica surface. The interaction appears to be independent of silica particle size down to 5 nm, the smallest size looked at. Next, Dr. C.D. Bain described nonlinear optical studies related to tribology, work on crystal growth, and dissolution, as well as confined molecules trapped between glass (“lens”) surfaces. Dr. F. Marken then discussed his work on
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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