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190 Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe light source (Swiss Light Source), which was to begin construction in Spring 1998. PSI interacts broadly with universities and polytechnical high schools. University students may carry out their doctoral studies in PSI laboratories. PSI personnel also carry out radiation safety training and reactor education. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE WITHIN PSI The WTEC team’s host at PSI was Dr. Jens Gobrecht, the Head of the Laboratory for Micro- and Nanostructures (LMN) in the Department of Applied Solid State Physics. Dr. Gobrecht estimated that in his own area about one-third of the personnel budget originates from external funding, and about 50 people are involved in the nano field. The areas of research are organized into three categories as follows: • Micro- and Nanostructuring Technology, which includes (1) electron beam lithography, (2) focused ion beam science and technology, (3) hot embossing lithography, and (4) LIGA. The first two areas are partially funded through the Swiss Priority Program (SPP) MINAST (Micro and Nanostructure Technology: with a four-year budget of ~ SFr. 48 million). Research area 3 is partially supported through the Swiss National Research Program (NFP 36) on nanosciences. Another subarea of research is titled “Zeolites as Materials for Nanodevices.” • Molecular Nanotechnology, which includes (1) biochemical recognition of individual molecules, (2) nanostructured electrodes for amperometric immunosensors, (3) immunosensor for penicillin in milk, and (4) neurite growth on biofunctionalized microstructured surfaces. • Nanostructured Semiconductors Materials Research, which includes (1) near infrared Brillouin scattering, and (2) work on Si/Si/Ge and Si/Ge/C systems Funding Profile As mentioned above, the LMN participates in a number of national initiatives involving nanostructure science. National Research Programs (Nationale Forschungsprogramm, NFP) are directed towards solution of specific problems and are largely interdisciplinary in nature. In 1993, Nanosciences was chosen as a subject area of NFP 36 (1996-2001). The Swiss Priority Programs (SPP), were developed to ensure that strategic research in Switzerland is on a par with international research and that Swiss universities have the competence and financial means to play an important role in that research. SPPs are long term projects and can last eight to ten years, encompassing both basic research and practical problem solving.
Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 191 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS Among the projects discussed in greater detail are the following: • 50 nm plated metal structures by e-beam lithography • stamping of 80 nm features in PMMA; also, fundamental studies of the polymer itself; possible application, heterogeneous catalysis • nanoporous Au membranes for filtration: 100 nm Au membrane with 200 nm pores, 660 nm period, substrate etched off • single-ion lithography to form nanoposts • a-Si/a-SiN superlattice on single crystal Si: MBE/UHV CVD connected by a tunnel: recrystallize with emission in the blue • biochemical sensor: immunological reactions taken on nanostructured surface; application: test for antibiotics in milk • showed streptavidin immobilized on mica (see Figure B.1) Dr. Thomas Jung described his work on the STM manipulation of molecules, rather than atoms, thus availing himself of preassembled building blocks. The building blocks can be prefabricated by chemical methods to possess specific structural, chemical, and physical properties. In addition to preassembly, a molecular approach has the advantage of being carried out at room temperature. The molecular building blocks considered include C 60 (as was used to form the “abacus”), customized porphyrins, and bimolecular systems involving planar aromatic systems and fullerenes. In particular, Dr. Jung described work utilizing Cu-TBPP on Cu (100); experiments have elucidated molecular adsorption, surface movement, positioning, and stability of the assembled structures (for further information see Gimzerski et al. n.d.). Au oxide Figure B.1. Streptavidin immobilized on mica. Team members also met with Drs. Werner Wagner and Helena Van Swygenhoven, members of the Department on Solid State Research at Large Facilities, associated with SINQ. In addition to providing support for outside researchers wishing to use the Spallation Neutron Source, members of this department also carry their own program of research in
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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Page 177 and 178: APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan OV
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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