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170 Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe Site: IBM Zürich Research Laboratory Säumerstrasse 4 CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland Tel: (41) 1-724 8111; Fax: (41) 1- 724 8964 http://www.zurich.ibm.com Date Visited: 13 October 1997 WTEC: Hosts: H. Goronkin (report author), M.C. Roco Dr. Hans Biebuyck, principal contact Fax: (41) 1-724 0809 Dr. Heinrich Rohrer, Science and Technology Department Wanda Andreoni R. Allenspach James Gimzewski Peter Vettiger BACKGROUND The IBM laboratory in Rüschlikon employs approximately 200 people. The WTEC team visited the Science and Technology Department, formerly called the Physics Department. This department has about 50 people, of whom approximately 40 are scientists (including pre- and post-docs). In recent years, the lab’s scope has evolved beyond mostly basic research to a problem-oriented mission in support of existing and alternative exploratory technologies that are on IBM’s radar screen. Heinrich Rohrer provided an introduction to the Science and Technology Department, pointing out the need for new ideas to move beyond the limits of present day technologies and devices. The laboratories the WTEC team visited are well equipped and of a size normally found in universities. Many of the experimental apparatuses are set up by highly skilled technicians who also take an active part in the operation of the equipment for experimental purposes. Although the mission of the group is technology-driven, it is clear that science remains a key component and that the staff strives for understanding of the experimental results at the most basic level. Collaborations with universities are numerous. The center leverages productivity considerably while fulfilling an educational purpose and creating a network of relationships of great value to all concerned. Some of
Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 171 these collaborations are supported by European (ESPRIT) and Swiss national programs. Scanning probe technology was born in the IBM labs, and it has opened numerous areas for research in Switzerland. Scanning probes are used for atomic and molecular manipulation as well as characterization. Since the technique is relatively inexpensive, it is ubiquitous and drives many of the country’s research projects. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS Peter Vettiger described the IBM Zürich approach to mass storage using silicon microcantilevers with tips to record bits in a polymer medium (e.g., PMMA). Writing is achieved thermomechanically by heating the tip and creating an indentation in the softened polymer. Erasing is done in blocks rather than in individual bits by heating entire storage subfields. Vettiger demonstrated a 5 x 5 array of individually accessible tips. In this case, the tips were fabricated using anisotropically etched silicon so that the 5 x 5 array used a 5 x 5 mm area (KOH etching provides sidewalls with a 54 o slope). In order to increase the density of tips, a new etching process was developed that provides vertical sidewalls so that a 32 x 32 array can fit into a 1 x 1 mm area. Parallel operation of 1000 cantilever/tips is envisaged with x-y addressing achieved through multiplexing. Bits of 20-40 nm in size have been demonstrated. This extrapolates to more than 60 Gbit/in 2 of data. The array was demonstrated to image a test surface. In this demonstration, each tip provided an independent image. James Gimzewski described the well-known buckyball abacus in which an STM tip is used to move C 60 molecules along well-defined linear paths. He pointed out that the buckyball molecule can also be used as an amplifier when it is compressed by a scanning probe tip. He is generally working on concepts for manipulating and assembling molecules with the STM to implement useful functions. R. Allenspach described the center’s magnetism activities. This work focuses on the study of ultrathin magnetic films and multilayers with Cu/Co as a model system and has a direct impact on the understanding of magnetic properties such as giant magnetoresistance (GMR), exchange coupling, and surface anisotropy. It has led to the discovery of anisotropy oscillations due to quantum confinement in a Cu overlayer on a Co film. This work also includes detailed studies of film growth and morphology and how these correlate with magnetic properties. Hans Biebuyck is a former student of George Whitesides at Harvard University, who is well known for microcontact printing using elastomeric
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Page 177 and 178: APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix C. European Roundtable Dis
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Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan OV
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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