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284 Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan Site: Osaka University Research Center for Intermaterials Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaragi-shi Osaka-fu 567, Japan Tel: (81) 6-879 8440; Fax: (81) 6-879 8444 Date Visited: 24 July 1997 WTEC: Host: J. Mendel (report author), D.M. Cox, C. Koch, H. Morishita, R.W. Siegel Prof. Koichi Niihara, Director BACKGROUND The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research was founded in 1939 as part of Osaka University. Its whole purpose is to study scientific principles necessary for industry to make progress in the fields of electronics, computer science, and metallic and inorganic materials, as well as other disciplines in biochemistry and radiation science. In 1995 the Institute was restructured into 6 divisions and 24 departments. The six divisions are (1) Quantum Engineering; (2) Advanced Materials Science and Technology; (3) Organic Molecular Science; (4) Intelligent Systems Science; (5) Biological Science; and (6) Quantum Beam Science and Technology. The Institute’s budget in 1996 was $25 million. For the area of Intermaterials, the budget amounted to $4 million plus grants from companies. For the Department of Structure Ceramic Materials, there are a total of 25 individuals supporting this technology. Professor Niihara, who heads this department, had been at the institute for eight years. Eighty per cent of the students work on ceramics, both functional and structural, and 20% are involved with metals and polymers. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS The main focus for programs within Structure Ceramic Materials is ceramic-based nanocomposites prepared by sintering methods. There is special emphasis placed on understanding the relationships between the nanostructure of materials and their mechanical properties. Ceramic nanocomposites can be divided into intragranular, intergranular, and
Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan 285 nano/nano composites. Intragranular and intergranular nanocomposites, even at elevated temperatures, result in remarkably improved mechanical properties, including (1) fracture toughness, (2) abrasive and cutting performance, (3) fracture mode, (4) fracture strength, (5) maximum operating temperature, and (6) creep resistance. As an example, toughness may increase 1.5 to 4 times in the Al 2 O 3 /SiC system. Hybridization of micro- and nanocomposites using fiber-reinforced components results in toughness improvements at higher temperatures. Specific Classifications Multifunctional ceramics, then, can have some specific classifications: 1. micro-nano composites with enhanced toughness (Al 2 O 3 /SiC) 2. hard matrix/soft dispersion nanocomposites (Si 3 /N 4 /BN) 3. soft matrix/hard dispersion nanocomposites 4. structural ceramics 5. nanopore composites as future targets Preparation The process for preparing these ceramic materials involves a sintering reaction where the challenge is to keep different size particles uniformly dispersed to prevent nonuniform distribution. Wet ball milling is also used, where materials like Si 3 N 4 are mixed with Al 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , H 3 BO 3 , and urea. After ball milling, the material is dried and subjected to hydrogen reduction. Such processes have yielded properties like high strength, excellent thermal shock resistance, good chemical inertness, and easy machinability similar to metals. Addition of chrome oxide has also yielded improvements in Young’s modulus and fracture strength. Although the institute has no formal process for patents, the work has resulted in the granting of 35 patents from this ceramic technology. Collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and laboratories in Germany is ongoing. Equipment A tour of laboratory facilities showed a wide range of processing and characterization equipment. Included are (1) ceramic ovens, (2) Instron with filament-winding equipment (3) X-ray diffractometer with temperature range to 2000 o C, (4) laser Raman, (5) hot isostatic press, (6) SEM, (7) AFM, (8) nano-indentor, and (9) spark plasma sintering systems.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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