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232 Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions 2. Nanometer Structure Consortium During the Stockholm workshop, Prof. Lars Samuelson presented an overview of the organization and work being carried out at the Nanometer Structure Consortium. Since this consortium is reviewed in detail at the end of Appendix C by Evelyn Hu, who separately attended a mini-workshop at Lund Luniversity on 14 October 1997, a separate overview of Prof. Samuelson’s presentation is not given here. 3. Nanophase Materials and Ceramics Thematic Network at KTH The Nanophase Materials and Ceramics Thematic Network is based at KTH and is part of the Brinell Centre. It was established in 1996/1997 and is funded by the SSF, KTH, and by participating industries. Prof. Mamoun Muhammed is project leader of the Nanophase Materials and Ceramics Thematic Network. The Brinell Centre is a newly formed strategic research center coordinating research in materials science in the Stockholm area. The Brinell Centre performs interdisciplinary research and graduate education in materials science, with a focus on advanced engineering materials. It consists of 15 departments and institutes, mostly based in the Stockholm area. The Brinell Centre represents a very broad spectrum in materials science, ranging from basic physics and chemistry to industrial applications of materials science. One type of advanced material is based on nanomaterials. The center maintains a close relationship with both materials-producing and materials-consuming industries. Graduate students will spend at least 6 months work within an industrial company and accomplish a part of their thesis in work at the company. The research programs at the Brinell Centre are organized within two Interdisciplinary Research Programs entitled (a) Computational Materials Science and Engineering, and (b) Precision Processing of Clean Steels; and three Thematic Networks entitled (a) Nanophase Materials and Ceramics, (b) Materials Science for High Temperature and Aggressive Environments, and (c) Surface Science and Coating Technology. The Thematic Networks cover large scientific areas that are also reflected in the graduate school program. Thematic Network A: Nanophase Materials and Ceramics This thematic network encompasses the groups of about six professors in the KTH. Nanophase materials are defined here as materials with a grain size in the 1-100 nm range and are found to exhibit greatly altered mechanical properties compared to their normal, large-grained counterparts with the same chemical composition. For example, nanophase materials are up to five times harder than the normal materials. This thematic network
Appendix C. European Roundtable Discussions 233 focuses on fabrication and evaluation of the mechanical properties of alumina-based composites containing TiC and TiN nanoparticles. The project aims to study the enhancement of the mechanical properties of alumina composites by dispersion of nanoparticles of titanium carbide and titanium nitride. Scanning probe techniques are commonly used to study the interfaces and fabrication of alumina-based composites. Their mechanical properties are evaluated by nano-indentation, and then the indentation areas are mapped in order to better understand the mechanisms leading to improved mechanical properties of bulk alumina by nanoparticles. Another area of interest involves study of cerium oxide catalysts. Studies have shown that significant improvement in the oxygen storage capabilities of these materials has been achieved with neodymium, calcium, lead, or manganese doping. The program is funded “quite handsomely” by industry. For aerospace applications, nanogranular thermoelectrics based upon opals are being studied in collaboration with Allied Signal Corporation. 4. The Ångström Laboratory The Ångström Laboratory is located at Uppsala University. It is a center in which expertise in materials science has been gathered together from diverse fields of chemistry, materials science, physics, electronics, etc. The facilities have been designed to expedite high technology research and there are specially equipped laboratories to offer optimal conditions for experiments, for example, rooms with extremely high air purity that are free from vibration. Four strategic research programs have been established at the Ångström Laboratory: the Center for Advanced Micro-Engineering, the Ångström Solar Center, the Batteries and Fuel Cells for a Better Environment Program, and the Energy Systems Program. As an example of the lab’s world-class capability is its recent purchase and installation of a $1 million apparatus to fabricate large quantities of ultrafine particles. The apparatus can be operated in several different modes, such as Gas Evaporation Mode or Direct Gas Deposition Mode, depending on the material to be fabricated. The equipment will allow researchers to produce high purity, nearly perfect nanocrystals with a narrow size distribution (2-3 nm in diameter) at a very high production rate (20 gm/hr). Several types of nanoparticles are being produced and examined by different researchers. These include active metal particles, isolated metal particles, nanochains of ferromagnetic nanoparticles, and ceramic nanoparticles. Studies include fabrication of Fe-Ag films for experimental investigation of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) properties, as well as use of “ordinary” nanoparticles to fabricate films from nanopaste for studies of their electrical and thermal resistivity properties.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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