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278 Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan RESEARCH AND DEVEOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS Dr. M. Kobayashi described his work on particle assemblage. At present this work is focused on micron-scale particles (~ 5 µm particles) and toward the preparation of “smart” materials. Particles are assembled by electrostatic force by several methods involving, for example, the atom probe or electrostatic patterning by electron beams with particles attracted to the patterned regions. Examples of materials include SiO 2 particle assemblages for gas (e.g., CO) sensors and Ni-base magnetostrictive particles for actuators. Dr. I. Nakatani has a program involved with research on quantum magnetic properties. Studies involve magnetic substances with sizes of around (a) 100 nm, (b) 10 nm, and (c) 1 nm in dimension. a) A novel reactive-ion etching method was developed and applied to producing ferromagnetic Fe-Ni thin wire arrays with 250 nm width and spacing. b) Magnetic relaxation phenomena of iron nitride or cobalt ferrofluids were studied. These are colloidal 10 nm diameter ferromagnetic particles. The relationship between the viscosities of the magnetic fluids and volume fractions of solid particles was determined. It was stated that these ferrofluids possess the highest performance achieved in the world. c) Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) was observed for 2 nm Fe particles embedded in SiO 2 or MgF 2 . The GMR effect is due to spin-polarized electrons tunneling between the Fe particles. Dr. N. Koguchi described his group’s work on direct formation of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots by droplet epitaxy. The process consists of forming Ga droplets on the inert S-terminated AlGaAs substrate and reacting the droplets with As to produce GaAs microcrystals. First, a molecular beam of Ga is put on the substrate, followed by an As molecular beam. About 10 nm GaAs particles are formed. The photoluminescence of these structures is being studied. Dr. M. Murayama and Dr. W.T. Reynolds (on sabbatical from VPI) described their studies of the microstructure of a variety of structural materials with nanoscale features. Included in their studies are fine atomic clusters in Al-base alloys in which clusters not resolvable with high resolution electron microscopy were revealed by special tomographic threedimensional atom probes. NRIM has two of the three existing in the world. All materials they study with the atom probe are nanostructured, including • magnetic materials — Co–12Cr–2Ta thin films Fe-Zr-B amorphous/nc structures • structural materials — steels (e.g., piano wire) high strength Al-base alloys (from A. Inoue’s group at Tohoku University)
Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan 279 The piano wire—Fe–0.8%C—with a pearlitic structure-after strains of 4.0 assumes a nanocrystalline structure with 5 nm carbide particles, along with some amorphous regions. Dr. M. Ohnumo described studies of GMR behavior in Co-Al-O granular thin films. This work is in collaboration with H. Fujimori from Tohoku University. A new thrust of NRIM is enhanced cooperative programs with industry and universities, and with international programs. NRIM is designated as a Center of Excellence and is charged with development of state-of-the-art facilities for extreme high vacuum, high resolution beams, and high magnetic fields.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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1. Introduction and Overview 11 2.
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1. Introduction and Overview 13 It
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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7. Biologically Related Aspects of
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix C. European Roundtable Dis
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Page 353 and 354: Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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