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262 Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan mapping generates chaos. It is noted that the application of precisely deterministic mapping can generate a chaotic mixing of initially macroscopically separated structures by a surprisingly small number of repeated applications of a mapping. This is analogous to the structures observed experimentally due to the mechanical deformation. Among the systems Shingu’s group has studied are immiscible systems such as Ag-Cu and Cu-Fe, which form metastable solid solutions; Ag-Fe, which forms an nc composite microstructure; and Co-Cu, which exhibits the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect. The preparation of multilayers by repeated rolling requires careful control of the process. Component foils (or powder compacts) are first annealed in vacuum, pressed together in vacuum, annealed, then repeatedly rolled and annealed. The selected annealing temperature is critical to maintaining the planarity of the layers and to avoid their spheroidization, while relieving the deformation strains to allow further rolling. HRTEM of the layered structures reveals nc grains within the layers, with rotation of the grain into an apparent epitaxial relationship with the other component. The panel’s other observations on this visit include the following: • the rolling of mixed powder compacts has produced results similar to those with foils • a number of mechanical and magnetic measurements have been made on these samples • it is believed this method of repeated rolling could be scaled up to commercial quantities, since rolling technology is well developed in the steel industry, as one example • Shingu’s group consists of several professionals, one technician, and 15-20 graduate students A tour of the laboratory facilities revealed several critical processing devices such as a pseudo hot isostatic press (HIP), a good four-high rolling mill, and a vacuum hot press. Characterization facilities, such as a transmission electron microscope, are shared with others in the Department. Professor Shingu’s research differs in the smaller scale of his effort from that carried on by the large groups at national laboratories and IMR at Tohoku University. However, the innovative and creative studies done in his group have made significant contributions to the field of nanostructured materials. REFERENCE See also Yasuna et al. 1997. J. Appl. Phys. 82(5):2435-2438.
Appendix D. Site Reports—Japan 263 Site: Nagoya University Department of Crystalline Materials Science Furocho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-01, Japan Fax: (81)-52-789-3821 Date Visited: 25 July 1997 WTEC: Hosts: D. Shaw (report author), E. Hu, L. Jelinski, M.C. Roco, C. Uyehara Professor Uichiro Mizutani Professor Toshiharu Fukunaga Professor Nobuo Tanaka Professor Jun-ichiro Inoue RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS Professor Toshiharu Fukunaga, Nanoparticles by Mechanical Milling The X-ray diffraction spectrum of milled graphite was the same as for amorphous material. The density decreased from 2.2 to 1.85 g/cm 3 in 36 hours of milling. Neutron diffraction confirmed the disorder. These results were analyzed to calculate the radial distribution factor that gives the coordination number, which reduced from 3.01 to 2.82 in the 36 hours. It is believed that this describes production of dangling bonds in the milled material. Assuming the crystalline structure is unchanged upon milling, only the size of the particles changes and the coordination number decreases. The size was estimated to be about 27 Å. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before milling showed a layered graphite-like structure. After milling the material was amorphous. Ball milling is done at low temperature. The equipment has a 150 G (x gravity) capability but 10 G is used in work in this department. Trigonal selenium was also milled. Using the same analytical procedures as above, it was estimated that the particles contained about 22 atoms. Li and graphite were milled together. The Li incorporates into the graphite and coats the balls to produce a gold-colored LiC 6 film. The Li is inserted into the hexagonal C network if the milling intensity is kept low. The potential application is to batteries. One of the technical challenges is to remove the material from the balls.
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National Science and Technology Cou
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WTEC Panel on NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE
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ABSTRACT This report reviews the st
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Foreword Timely information on scie
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Foreword iii collaboration and thus
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Contents Foreword Table of Contents
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List of Figures 1.1 Organization of
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List of Figures ix 5.12 Granular GM
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List of Tables ES.1 Technological I
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Executive Summary Richard W. Siegel
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Executive Summary xix past decade,
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Executive Summary xxi TABLE ES.2. C
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Executive Summary xxiii blocks, and
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Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
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1. Introduction and Overview 3 •
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1. Introduction and Overview 5 worl
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1. Introduction and Overview 7 grow
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1. Introduction and Overview 9 lead
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Chapter 2 Synthesis and Assembly Ev
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 17 transi
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 19 probe
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 21 by adj
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 23 blocks
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 25 Self-A
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 27 Figure
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 29 us to
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 31 Brotzm
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2. Synthesis and Assembly 33 Siegel
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Chapter 3 Dispersions and Coatings
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 37 exis
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 39 more
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 41 into
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 43 of N
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 45 oppo
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3. Dispersions and Coatings 47 Kanz
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Chapter 4 High Surface Area Materia
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4. High Surface Area Materials 51 w
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4. High Surface Area Materials 53 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 55 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 57 s
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4. High Surface Area Materials 59 T
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4. High Surface Area Materials 61 F
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4. High Surface Area Materials 63 m
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4. High Surface Area Materials 65 I
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Chapter 5 Functional Nanoscale Devi
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5. Functional Nanoscale Devices 69
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Chapter 6 Bulk Behavior of Nanostru
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6. Bulk Behavior of Nanostructured
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Chapter 7 Biologically Related Aspe
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Chapter 8 Research Programs on Nano
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8. Research Programs on Nanotechnol
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APPENDICES Appendix A. Biographies
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Appendix A. Biographies of Panelist
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe S
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Appendix B. Site Reports—Europe 1
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Appendix E. Site Reports—Taiwan O
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Appendix F. Glossary 2DEG A/D AAAR
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Appendix F. Glossary 329 ESPRIT ESR
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Appendix F. Glossary 331 MA MBE mCP
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Appendix F. Glossary 333 PVDF QCA Q
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Appendix F. Glossary 335 WTEC XAS X
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