Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests Major and minor insect pests attacking annonas are described by numerous authors (Melo et al., 1983; George et al., 1987; Bustillo and Peña, 1992; Oliveira et al., 1992; Torres and Sánchez, 1992; Agustín and Alviter, 1996; Junqueira et al., 1996; Pinto and Silva, 1994; Nakasone and Paull, 1998; Nava-Díaz et al., 2000) in many countries and ecological regions (Table 10- 13) with different levels of economic damage and cost of management control. Table 10-13. Major and selected minor insect pests of Annona species Common Name Specific Name Affected Plant Country/Region Parts Major Insect Pests Annona moth Cerconota anonella Seeds and fruits Universal Cherimoya seed Talponia batesi Seeds and fruits Mexico, Peru, Spain borer Atis moth borer Anonaepestis bengalella Fruits Philippines Wasps (wasp) Bephratelloides maculicollis and B. cubensis Seeds and fruits Several countries/regions Borers (trunk borer) Flies (fruit flies) Mealy bugs Cratosomus bombina, Heilipus catagraphus Anastrepha obliqua, A. ludens, Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis and B. tryoni Planacoccus citri, Dysmicoccus spp., Ferrisia virgata, P. pacificus (India) Trunk and branches, base of the trunk Fruits Fruits and leaves Scale insects Several genera and species Leavesand stems Spider mites Several genera and species Leaves and flowers Minor insect pests Leaf hopper Empoasca fabae, Membracis foliata, Aethalion spp. Leaves and stems Thecla moths Oenomaus ortygnus Flowers and fruits Aphids Aphis gossypii and Leaves and Toxoptera aurantii shoots Hemipterous Leptoglossus zonatus and insects Antiteuchus tripterus Fruit spotting bug Mexico, Brazil Peru, Mexico. Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, Peru, Australia, New Zealand Several countries/regions Several countries/regions Several countries/regions Amblypelta nitida Young fruits Australia Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, American tropics American tropics, Brazil USA, Colombia, Peru, Brazil and Venezuela 117
Chapter 10. Agronomy 118 Common Name Specific Name Affected Plant Country/Region Parts Leaf larvae Several genera and species Leaves and stems American tropics, Brazil Leaf miners Leucoptera spp. and Leaves Cuba and Ecuador Phyllocnistis spp. Root grubs Anomala Roots Philippines Ants ("saúvas") Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp. Leaves and petioles Universal There are three important groups of borer insects attacking annona species: the trunk borer, the fruit borer and the seed borer. Trunk borers are coleopterons, generally weevils, and three species are the most common: Cratosomus bombina bombina (Plate 6), Euripages pennatus and Heillipus catagraphus (Oliveira et al., 1992). These insects are 2-4 cm long and they perforate the trunk, causing plant decline and finally death. The external symptom of the attack is a black oxidized sap exudation from the small holes where the insects entered the trunk. Injection of liquid pesticides, such as D- aletrina and D-tetrametrina into the trunk holes is an effective method of control (Oliveira et al., 2001). In the Brazilian Cerrados brushing of the tree trunk with a 1% solution of a pesticide, commercially named Creolina, together with lime at 10%, has prevented fruit borer attack on soursop. The annona moth (Cerconota annonella), commonly known as the 'fruit borer', is the most important of the insect pests attacking Annona species (Plate 5). Although it is known as the soursop moth in many areas, it has been recorded attacking and damaging fruits of several other annonas as well, including sugar apple and custard apple (Coronel, 1994; Oliveira et al., 1992; Torres and Sánchez, 1992), but has not been reported on cherimoya fruits (Bustillo and Peña, 1992). The soursop fruit borer moth has a life cycle from egg to adult emergence averaging 36 days. The adult moth is attracted to black-light traps, which is an important method for monitoring this insect pest (Bustillo and Peña, 1992). The removal of rotted and damaged fruits from the ground is also an important cultural control method. Bagging the fruits with chemically treated bags (a common type is the chlorpyriphos bag) can keep 92% of the fruits totally undamaged before harvesting (Bustillo and Peña, 1992). Biological control using two braconids, which parasitize larvae of C. annonella, has been successful in Colombia and Ecuador (Bustillo and Peña, 1992). In the Cerrado ecosystem of central Brazil, the soursop ecotype Morada is less susceptible to the attack of the soursop moth than any other ecotypes (Junqueira et al., 1996; Pinto and Silva, 1996), suggesting that appropriate cultivar selection can help to minimize the problem. Chemical control with triclorphon or fenthion at 0.1%, every 15 days can help to
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Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
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DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
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Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
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11.5 Processing....................
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10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
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12-1. Commercialization channels fo
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Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
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Preface Increasing demand for exoti
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Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
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Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
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Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
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Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
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Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
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Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
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Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
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Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
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Page 90 and 91: Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
Page 104 and 105: Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
Page 108 and 109: Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
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Page 112 and 113: Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Page 156 and 157: Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
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Page 168 and 169: Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
Page 174 and 175: References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
Page 176 and 177: References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
Page 178 and 179: References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
Page 180 and 181: References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
Page 182 and 183: References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
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References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
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References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
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References Idstein H., Herres W. an
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References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
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References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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