Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Specific Name Affected Plant Country/Region Parts Seedling blight Pithyium spp. Seedlings Universal Bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum Roots and canopy Australia and Brazil Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata) Leaves, young stems and fruits Universal Black canker and Diplodia rot Phomopsis spp., P. anonacearum, Botryodiplodia theobromae Leaf scorch, twigs and fruits, fruits in storage Universal Purple blotch Phytophthora palmivora Fruits Seveal countries Brown rot and Peduncles and fruit fruit rots Rhizopus stolonifer, Gliocladium roseum, Phytophthora spp. Brazil, India and American countries, Universal Minor diseases Burn of string Corticium koleroga Leaves and twigs Amazon region Zoned spot Sclerotium coffeicolum Leaves Amazon region Blight Phoma spp. Leaves, stems and Mexico twigs Black scab Fusarium spp. Trunk, branches and Mexico twigs Fumagina Stigmella spp. Leaves, stems and Universal twigs Rust fungus Phakopsora cherimoliae Leaves USA (Florida) Rubelose Corticum salmonicolor Branches and twigs Brazil Leaf spot Cercospora anonae Leaves Brazil Armillaria root Armillaria luteobubalina Roots, base of tree, Ausralia rot decline Nematodes Helicotylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. Roots Universal Bacterial wilt is an important root disease, which was responsible for 70% of the deaths of atemoya trees established on sugar apple rootstocks in Australia (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). This disease is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and is manifested by rapid wilting and the death of young trees. Collar rots, dark internal discolouration of the root wood tissue, tree decline and eventual death are the symptoms on adult trees (George et al., 1987). Some cherimoya cultivars are recommended as resistant rootstocks, such as ‘White’ in California and ‘Negrito’ and ‘Cristalino’ in Spain (George et al., 1987). There is no chemical control for this disease. There are several diseases attacking the fruits of Annona species during the preharvest and post-harvest phases: anthracnose, black canker, diplodia rot, purple blotch and brown rot (Rao et al., 1962; Junqueira et al., 1996; Pinto and Silva, 1996; Rebollar-Alviter et al., 1997; Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Fruit rot caused by Phytophthora is prevalent on cherimoya, as well as 123
Chapter 10. Agronomy soursop, custard apple, sugar apple and on related species, e.g., A. diversifolia (Weber, 1973). Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is a cosmopolitan disease attacking all annonas. This disease is responsible for 90% of the preharvest loss of soursop fruits in Bahia, Brazil (Nieto-Angel, 1999). In Bahia, predisposing climatic conditions for anthracnose attacks are highly favourable, due to high rainfall and atmospheric humidity, and during wet seasons in dry areas (Dhingra et al., 1980). In Mexico, the incidence of anthracnose in cherimoya varies from 50 to 70%, although mainly in orchards without adequate control (Rebollar-Alviter et al., 1997). This disease causes twig dieback, defoliation and dropping of flowers and fruit, while in mature fruit its infection causes black lesions (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Management and control of anthracnose involves a thorough cleanup at the end of the dry season, including the pruning of infected twigs, removal of rotting fruits on the ground, and then burning of all waste. Spraying with the fungicide benomyl 0.06%, intercalated with copper oxychloride 0.15%, every week during the rainy season and every three weeks during the dry season, gives adequate control (Junqueira et al., 1996). In India, Singh (1992) recommended spraying with 0.05% benomyl or 0.2% mancozeb M43 at 15- 20 day intervals. Black canker (Phomopsis spp.), diplodia rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae) and purple blotch (Phytophthora palmivora) are fungal diseases attacking the fruits (George and Nissen, 1980; Agustín and Alviter, 1996; Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Black canker and diplodia rot occur mainly in neglected orchards; they show similar symptoms of purplish to black spots or blotches confined to the surface of the fruit. Diplodia rot is distinguished by its darker internal discolouration and the extensive corky rotting it produces. Diplodia rot has also been described by Junqueira et al. (1996) as attacking the junctions between rootstocks and scions of soursop, ultimately killing the plant. Purple blotch is distinguished by small spots on immature fruits that expand until most of the fruit surface is affected (George and Nissen, 1980). There are several management systems to control these diseases, most of which should be applied preventively: a) pruning the low branches to avoid high humidity under the canopy and brushing with 1% paste of copper oxychloride; b) keeping the plants in a good nutritional state; c) avoiding physical damage to the fruits, as well as keeping adequate control of fruit and seed borers; d) brushing the graft junction with 4% copper oxychloride paste; e) spraying with benomyl 0.2%, every 15-20 days during the rainy season (Junqueira et al., 1996; Kavati et al., 1997; SPT-TCA, 1999). 124
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Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
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DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
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Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
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11.5 Processing....................
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10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
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12-1. Commercialization channels fo
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Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
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Preface Increasing demand for exoti
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Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
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Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
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Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
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Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
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Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
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Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
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Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
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Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
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Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
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Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cult
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
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Page 92 and 93: Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
Page 104 and 105: Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
Page 108 and 109: Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Page 150 and 151: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Page 154 and 155: Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
Page 156 and 157: Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 12. Economic Information In
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 12. Economic Information In
Page 162 and 163: Chapter 12. Economic Information am
Page 164 and 165: Chapter 12. Economic Information an
Page 166 and 167: Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
Page 168 and 169: Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
Page 170 and 171: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
Page 172 and 173: Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
Page 174 and 175: References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
Page 176 and 177: References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
Page 178 and 179: References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
Page 180 and 181: References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
Page 182 and 183: References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
Page 184 and 185: References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
Page 186 and 187: References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
Page 188 and 189: References Idstein H., Herres W. an
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References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
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References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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