Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany continuous. This species also experiences inefficient natural pollination (normally done by beetles) and frequently poor fruit set; hence hand pollination is an important orchard management practice. Soursop produces an ovate, conical or heart-shaped fruit, that is dark green when unripe and a slightly lighter green when ripe. The rind has many short, fleshy, pointed carpel protuberances and is popularly regarded as 'spiny'. The soursop has the largest fruit in the genus, weighing from 0.9 to 10 kg, and averaging 4 kg. Its white, cottony-fibrous, juicy flesh resembles that of cherimoya in colour. The flavour is more acid and less sweet than cherimoya, and calls to mind a mixture of pineapple and mango. The fruit has 127 to 170 seeds, scattered throughout the pulp. They are toxic. Seed size varies from 1 to 2 cm in length and from 0.33 to 0.59 g in weight, with a black colour soon after harvest, but becoming dark-brown later (Pinto and Silva, 1996). Few cultivars of A. muricata exist, and comparisons among them have not been made to assess their validity. In particular, those with good-sized, lowfibre fruits need to be identified (NAS, 1975). All known selections are Latin American. 3. Annona reticulata (custard apple) The tree reaches 6.0 to 7.5 m in height, with many lateral branches; stems are cylindrical, with lenticels and very short coffee-coloured hairs. It is considered the most vigorous of the annonas described in this publication. Custard apple is thought to have been domesticated, even though the fruit is considered to be of inferior quality. It can be distinguished from cherimoya by its long, narrow, glabrous leaves, from sugar apple by its solid, compact fruit, as well as its larger leaves, and from A. glabra by its small, dark brown seeds (León, 1987). The leaves are oblong-lanceolate and dark-green, measuring 25 to 30 cm in length and 7 cm wide, with 10 to 20 vein pairs and a pubescent petiole. Flowers are similar in form to those of sugar apple, except that they are grouped in a short inflorescence with 2 to 10 flowers, with pedicels measuring 1.5 to 3.0 cm in length. This species also presents inefficient natural pollination and poor fruit set. Fruits weigh from 0.1 to 1.0 kg and are commonly heart-shaped, but may be conical, ovate or irregular in form, and 10 to 12 cm in length (Fig. 2-3). They are coriaceous and have a reddish-yellow surface colour, with impressed lines (around 5 to 6 angled areoles) above the carpels. The flesh is milk-white 13
Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany and sweet, although insipid in flavour, being considered the least tasty of the cultivated annonas. There are commonly more than 40 oblong, dark coffeecoloured seeds per fruit (León, 1987). Figure 2-3. Botanical characteristics of some plant parts of custard apple (Annona reticulata L.) 14
Page 2 and 3: Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
Page 4 and 5: DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
Page 8 and 9: 11.5 Processing....................
Page 10 and 11: 10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
Page 12 and 13: 12-1. Commercialization channels fo
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
Page 16 and 17: Preface Increasing demand for exoti
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cult
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Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
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Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
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Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
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Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
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Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
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Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
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Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
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Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
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Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
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Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
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Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
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Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
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Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
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Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
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Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
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Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
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Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
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Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing ne
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing de
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
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Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information am
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Chapter 12. Economic Information an
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Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
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Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
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References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
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References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
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References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
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References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
Page 182 and 183:
References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
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References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
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References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
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References Idstein H., Herres W. an
Page 190 and 191:
References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
Page 196 and 197:
References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
Page 202 and 203:
References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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