Annona Species Monograph.pdf - Crops for the Future

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Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table 8-1. Centres of origin and diversity of some Annona species Species Centres of Origin A. aurantiaca Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goias and Minas Gerais) A. cacans Brazil (Savannah regions) A. cherimola Andean valleys of Ecuador, Peru and Chile A. coriacea Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) and Paraguay A. crassifolia Brazil (São Paulo, Goias and Bahia) A. diversifolia Southwestern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador A. furfuracea Brazil (Mato Grosso, São Paulo, Goias and Minas Gerais A. glabra Central America, Antilles, Ecuador, Brazil A. longifolia Mexico (Jalisco) A. longipes Mexico (Veracruz) A. montana West Indies, Antilles, tropical South America A. muricata Antilles, tropical America A. mutans Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Northern Argentina A. paludosa Guyana (Savannah regions) A. purpurea Southern Mexico and Central America A. reticulata Antilles, tropical America A. salzmannii Brazil (Pernambuco) A. scleroderma Southern Mexico, Guatemala A. senegalensis East Africa A. spinescens Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goias) A. spraguei Panama A. squamosa Antilles, tropical America A. testudinea Guatemala, Honduras A. xespertonium Brazil (Bahia) A. senegalensis is widespread in sub-Sahalian tropical Africa but nothing is known about patterns of variation. A related smaller species, A. stenophylla Engl. & Diels, occurs in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Malawi, and is a seasonal staple for bushmen (FAO, 1983). Diversity is still to be found in most of the areas where annonas are backyard crops. In these agroecosystems, diverse seedlings are raised and fruit quality varies considerably. Commercial production using propagation by budding or grafting onto local rootstocks is rare. The conservation of genetic resources requires both in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ refers to the preservation and protection of genetic resources in their natural habitats (Lloyd and Jackson, 1986), while ex situ conservation is the preservation of genetic resources outside of natural habitats. 49
Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.2 In situ conservation The establishment of protected natural areas constitutes one of the principal strategies for in situ conservation of wild populations, allowing for their continued evolution. The major criteria to select areas by genetic reserves are diversity, intrinsic fragility, vulnerability, and high degree of endemism with current and potential use. Generally, in situ conservation is practised in preestablished protected areas, where inclusion of significant Annona genetic diversity is a random event, rather than planned. Nonetheless, conservation areas throughout the Americas and in central-eastern Africa should be surveyed for the presence of Annona populations, both wild populations of the species discussed in this book, and wild species and populations of other annonas. However, in situ conservation is not always possible or acceptable (Ndambuki, 1991). In situ conservation also includes on-farm (including backyard) conservation. Incentives could be given to large and small farmers, and to indigenous peoples, to continue cultivation using traditional agricultural methods. Ideally, agro-ecosystems should be preserved in their totality and should be evaluated comprehensively. The economic environment of the farm household determines the degree of genetic diversity used in its agricultural system (Goeschl, 1998) and, consequently, the amount available for on-farm conservation. The causal link between market conditions and conservation efforts on-farm offers scope for policy interventions, such as deliberate changes in economic parameters. Goeschl (1998) suggests both market and non-market incentives, the latter directed at the individual farm situation. In Tocantins State, northern Brazil, the Brazilian Corporation for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) has started a project with the Kraô, an indigenous group, to encourage the conservation of their genetic resources, especially on-farm genetic resources. The first step of this project is to carry out a survey of species occurring in this area. Ferreira and Bustamante (2000) commented that ethnobotany can help to establish new alternatives for conservation and use of genetic resources via on-farm conservation, including for Annona species. No other references have been found on the in situ conservation of Annona species. 50
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Annona species Authors : A. C. de Q
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DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publi
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Table of Contents Abbreviations ...
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11.5 Processing....................
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10-9. A guide for phosphorus fertil
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12-1. Commercialization channels fo
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Acknowledgement Acknowledgements An
Page 16 and 17: Preface Increasing demand for exoti
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1. Introduction A. C. de Q.
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 2.1
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Bota
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany the
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany Figu
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany tree
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany cont
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany 4. A
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Botany open
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 3. Origin and Distribution
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 4. Major and Minor Producti
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors Cheri
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors frequ
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 5. Ecological Factors annon
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 6. Properties M. C. R. Cord
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6. Properties 1997). The mo
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 6. Properties These compoun
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 7. Uses M. C. R. Cordeiro,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 7. Uses (RH), before finall
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 7. Uses Seeds contain a red
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 7. Uses also be extracted f
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources 8.3 Ex
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 8. Genetic Resources Table
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement 9.1
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement the
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement a sh
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Bree
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement cros
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement In s
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Cult
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 9. Genetic Improvement Shoo
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.1 Propagati
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 10. Agronomy GA is costly a
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 10. Agronomy is about 1 m t
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-3. A
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 10. Agronomy adult trees ro
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-4. S
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 10. Agronomy methods (whip
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.2 Field est
Page 104 and 105: Plate 1. Purple skinned sugar apple
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 10. Agronomy Plate 5. Small
Page 108 and 109: Figure 10-8. Planting system accord
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 10. Agronomy atemoya ‘Afr
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 10. Agronomy approx. 120°
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 10. Agronomy branches above
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Chapter 10. Agronomy occurs in Janu
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (1970) found t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy (Grossberger,
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Tree Age N g o
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Chapter 10. Agronomy values. This s
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Chapter 10. Agronomy the apical lea
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Chapter 10. Agronomy fertilization
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Chapter 10. Agronomy quality. The f
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Figure 10-13.
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Chapter 10. Agronomy 10.3.7.1 Pests
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Chapter 10. Agronomy control this p
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Chapter 10. Agronomy cycle. Given t
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Common Name Sp
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Chapter 10. Agronomy Brown rot (Rhi
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Chapter 11. Harvest, Postharvest an
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing Co
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing ne
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing in
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing de
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Chapter 11. Harvest & Processing sc
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Chapter 12. Economic Information A.
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information In
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Chapter 12. Economic Information am
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Chapter 12. Economic Information an
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Chapter 12. Economic Information Pa
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Chapter 13. Conclusions However, th
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Better m
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Chapter 13. Conclusions b) Annona s
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References Aiyelaagbe I. O. O. (199
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References Beneto J. R., Rodriguez
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References Caparros-Lefebvre D., El
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References Cortés D., Myint S. H.,
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References Farooqi A. A., Parvatika
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References Fuster C. and Prestamo G
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References Hartmann H. T., Kester D
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References Idstein H., Herres W. an
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References Kosiyachinda S. and Youn
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References Lizana L. A. and Reginat
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References Moreno Andrade R., Luna
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References Nonfon M., Lieb F., Moes
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References Perfectti F. (1995) Estu
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References Popenoe W. (1974 b) “T
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References Saavedra E. (1977) “In
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References [Portuguese] In: Anais d
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References Viñas R. C. (1972) “A
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References Yu Jing-Guang, Gui Hua-Q
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Appendix A. Compounds References A.
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix B. Appendix B. Human Bioac
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Appendix C. Institutions and Indivi
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Appendix C. 3740 Bilzen Belgium Agr
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Appendix C. Lemos, E. E.P. Departam
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Appendix C. Saavedra E. Faculdad de
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Appendix C. Cuba Cuba Payo A. Depar
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Appendix C. Ortega C. Instituto Nac
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Appendix C. Italy Parri G. Dipartim
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Appendix C. MÉXICO Abraján Herná
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Appendix C. Especialidad de Fruticu
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Appendix C. Cuernavaca, Morelos Mé
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Appendix C. PERÚ Duarte O. Departa
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Appendix C. Molecular, Universidad
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Appendix C. United Kingdom United K
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Appendix D. Countries and Instituti
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. ECUADOR 1. Centro Andin
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Appendix D. GERMANY Greenhouse for
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Appendix D. Details of Holdings Tax
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Appendix D. Lowlands Agriculture Ex
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Appendix D. PUERTO RICO Agricultura
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Appendix D. Taxon Sample Sample Typ
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Glossary A abcission - The normal s
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Glossary C caducous - falling off e
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Glossary epigynous - borne on or ar
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Glossary lanceolate - shaped like a
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Glossary pistil - the seed-bearing
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Glossary T tetraploid - having 4 se
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Index Chile, 4, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27,
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Index whip-and-tongue, 82, 83 Guana
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Index storage, 42, 44, 51, 107, 123
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